Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the subjects (n = 4,422)
| Variable | No. (%) | Mean ± SD | Median (range) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, yr | 45.19 ± 10.44 | 44 (18–86) | |
| Male sex | 2,498 (56.5) | ||
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 23.57 ± 3.27 | 23.31 (14.6–39.7) | |
| ≥ 25 | 1,339 (30.4) | ||
| ≥ 18.5 and < 25 | 2,882 (65.5) | ||
| < 18.5 | 178 (4.1) | ||
| K-BDI level | 2.22 ± 4.05 | 0 (0–46) | |
| No depression | 4,123 (96.0) | ||
| Mild | 96 (2.2) | ||
| Moderate | 61 (1.4) | ||
| Severe | 16 (0.4) | ||
| BEPSI-K level | 1.61 ± 0.83 | 1.4 (0–5) | |
| Low level of stress | 2,488 (63.4) | ||
| Moderate level | 931 (23.7) | ||
| High level | 508 (12.9) | ||
| Smoking | |||
| Non-smoker | 2,131 (53.5) | ||
| Past smoker | 1,004 (25.2) | ||
| Current smoker | 848 (21.3) | ||
| Alcohol | |||
| Non-drinker | 857 (20.3) | ||
| Social drinker | 3,224 (76.3) | ||
| Heavy drinker | 145 (3.4) | ||
| Comorbidity | |||
| Diabetes | 196 (4.4) | ||
| Hypertension | 543 (12.3) | ||
| Congestive heart disease | 68 (1.5) | ||
| Stroke | 5 (0.1) | ||
| Medication | |||
| Antiplatelet agent | 76 (1.7) | ||
| Anticoagulant | 6 (0.1) | ||
| NSAID | 226 (5.1) | ||
| Antidepressant | 22 (0.5) | ||
| Herb and health food | 750 (17.0) | ||
| Symptoms of dyspepsia | 691 (16.6) | ||
| Postprandial fullness | 470 (11.3) | ||
| Early satiety | 280 (6.7) | ||
| Epigastric pain/burning | 218 (5.2) | ||
| Procedural sedation | 3,164 (71.6) | ||
| Dose of midazolam, mg | 3.69 ± 0.67 | 4 (1–7) | |
| Poor cooperation during endoscopy | 358 (8.1) |
BMI, K-BDI, BEPSI-K, smoking, drinking, and dyspepsia symptoms were not properly measured in 23, 126, 495, 439, 196, and 250 subjects, respectively.
SD, standard deviation; K-BDI, Korean version of the Beck’s Depression Inventory; BEPSI-K, The Brief Encounter Psychosocial Instrument-Korean version; NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.