Table 2.
Total commuting duration and daily minutes spent with spouse, own children, and friends by United States adult full-time employed residents of urban counties, American Time Use Survey (2003–2010).
| Time with spouse | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| Total commute duration | Adjusted minutes with spouse, male [95% CI] | % Change from 60 mina | Adjusted minutes with spouse, female [95% CI] | % Change from 60 mina |
| 30 min (baseline–30 min) | 179.7 [174.0–185.3] | (+9.3%)* | 173.2 [167.3–179.0] | (+0.9%) |
| 60 min (baseline) | 164.3 [157.9–170.8] | – | 171.6 [164.9–178.4] | – |
| 90 min (baseline+30 min) | 151.9 [144.7–159.1] | (−7.5%)* | 168.9 [161.1–176.6] | (−1.6%) |
| 120 min (baseline+60 min) | 142.5 [133.6–151.5] | (−13.3%)* | 164.8 [153.3–176.3] | (−4.0%) |
| 150 min (baseline+90 min) | 136.1 [122.3–149.9] | (−17.2%)* | 159.5 [139.4–179.5] | (−7.1%) |
| Time with own children | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| Total commute duration | Adjusted minutes with children, male [95% CI] | % Change from 60 mina | Adjusted minutes with children, female [95% CI] | % Change from 60 mina |
| 30 min (baseline–30 min) | 119.6 [114.7–124.5] | (+7.7%)* | 135.7 [130.7–140.8] | (+1.6%) |
| 60 min (baseline) | 111.0 [105.4–116.6] | – | 133.7 [127.9–139.5] | – |
| 90 min (baseline+30 min) | 102.0 [95.7–108.2] | (−8.2%)* | 130.6 [123.9–137.3] | (−2.3%) |
| 120 min (baseline+60 min) | 92.4 [84.7–100.2] | (−16.7%)* | 126.5 [116.5–136.4] | (−5.4%) |
| 150 min (baseline+90 min) | 82.4 [70.5–94.3] | (−25.8%)* | 121.4 [104.0–138.7] | (−9.2%) |
| Time with friends | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| Total commute duration | Adjusted minutes with friends, male [95% CI] | % Change from 60 mina | Adjusted minutes with friends, female [95% CI] | % Change from 60 mina |
| 30 min (baseline–30 min) | 45.6 [41.2–50.0] | (+6.9%)* | 41.8 [37.2–46.4] | (+1.4%) |
| 60 min (baseline) | 42.7 [37.6–47.7] | – | 41.2 [35.9–46.4] | – |
| 90 min (baseline+30 min) | 39.3 [33.7–44.9] | (−7.9%)* | 37.0 [31.0–43.1] | (−10.1%)* |
| 120 min (baseline+60 min) | 35.5 [28.5–42.5] | (−16.8%)* | 29.3 [20.4–38.3] | (−28.8%)* |
| 150 min (baseline+90 min) | 31.3 [20.5–42.1] | (−26.6%)* | 18.1 [2.4–33.7] | (−56.1%)* |
All estimates are time in minutes. Adjusted means are calculated using Seemingly Unrelated Regressions. Covariates are daily minutes spent working, daily minutes information is recorded on who else is present during activities, age, race and ethnicity, education, presence of spouse/partner and spouse/partner’s employment status, wage and household income, the number of other adults and youths present in the household, and the diary date day of the week, month, and year. Continuous variables are entered with both linear and squared terms. Included survey weights are applied.
Parentheses contain percentage changes relative to estimates at the baseline 60 minute commuting duration. Asterisks indicate statistical difference at the α=0.05 level with the estimate at baseline commuting time.