Table 1.

Role of adipocyte secreted factors and metabolites and signalling pathways

AT secreted factors	Function	Signalling pathway	Ref.
TNF-α	Pro-inflammatory,	PI3K, NF-κB	Pikarsky et al[17], 2004
	cell proliferation, anti-apoptotic, angiogenetic		Huang et al[18], 2009
			Viatour et al[19], 2005
IL-6	Pro-inflammatory, cell proliferation and anti- apoptotic	JAK/STAT3	Hodge DR et al[20], 2005
Leptin	Promotion of cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, pro-inflammatory	JAK/STAT, PI3K, MAPK	Hefetz-Sela et al[22], 2013
			Hoda et al[23], 2007
Adiponectin	Anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effect	Inhibition of PI3K, AMPK/mTOR, JAK/STAT3, NF-κB	Hefetz-Sela et al[22], 2013
Visfatin	Pro-inflammatory, angiogenic, promotion of cell survival and migration	ERK/MAPK, PI3K/AKT, NF-κB, β1-integrin	Adya et al[25], 2008
			Huang et al[26], 2013
Lipid peroxidation products	Promotion of cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, migration, angiogenesis	PI3K/AKT/mTOR	Ayala et al[27], 2014
		NF-κB, PPAR, MAPK

PI3K: Phosphoinositide 3-kinase; NF-κB: Nuclear factor-kappa B; JAK/STAT3: Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription 3; MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinases; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; mTOR: Mammalian target of rapamycin; HIF-1α: Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor alpha; IL-6: Interleukin-6; AKT: Protein Kinase B; ERK: Extracellular signal-regulated kinase; PPAR: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors.