Table 1.
AT secreted factors | Function | Signalling pathway | Ref. |
TNF-α | Pro-inflammatory, | PI3K, NF-κB | Pikarsky et al[17], 2004 |
cell proliferation, anti-apoptotic, angiogenetic | Huang et al[18], 2009 | ||
Viatour et al[19], 2005 | |||
IL-6 | Pro-inflammatory, cell proliferation and anti- apoptotic | JAK/STAT3 | Hodge DR et al[20], 2005 |
Leptin | Promotion of cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, pro-inflammatory | JAK/STAT, PI3K, MAPK | Hefetz-Sela et al[22], 2013 |
Hoda et al[23], 2007 | |||
Adiponectin | Anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effect | Inhibition of PI3K, AMPK/mTOR, JAK/STAT3, NF-κB | Hefetz-Sela et al[22], 2013 |
Visfatin | Pro-inflammatory, angiogenic, promotion of cell survival and migration | ERK/MAPK, PI3K/AKT, NF-κB, β1-integrin | Adya et al[25], 2008 |
Huang et al[26], 2013 | |||
Lipid peroxidation products | Promotion of cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, migration, angiogenesis | PI3K/AKT/mTOR | Ayala et al[27], 2014 |
NF-κB, PPAR, MAPK |
PI3K: Phosphoinositide 3-kinase; NF-κB: Nuclear factor-kappa B; JAK/STAT3: Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription 3; MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinases; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; mTOR: Mammalian target of rapamycin; HIF-1α: Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor alpha; IL-6: Interleukin-6; AKT: Protein Kinase B; ERK: Extracellular signal-regulated kinase; PPAR: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors.