Table 2.

Nonverbal communications exhibited and actions taken by students during the simulation as perceived by themselves and other students.

	Aggressor (N)	Target (N)	Nurse bystander (N)	Patient (N)
Nonverbal communications
Verbal language responses	42	10	3	6
Aggressive body posture	52	6	5	0
Non-aggressive body posture	0	54	24	9
Aggressive facial communications	90	21	12	12
Non-aggressive facial communications	4	70	43	45
Aggressive arm gestures	100	16	4	2
Non-aggressive arm gestures	0	0	6	2
Actions taken
Proactive actions	40	195	194	35
Passive actions	13	24	37	77
Aggressive actions	126	8	5	1