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. 2017 Sep 4;149(9):877–888. doi: 10.1085/jgp.201711808

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© 2017 Györke et al.

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Figure 1. — Shortened Ca-signaling refractoriness in cardiac disease. (A) Schematic illustration of a two-pulse protocol experiment showing the recovery of electrically stimulated Ca release is significantly delayed in relation to the recovery of electrical excitability. (B) Exponential constants (tau) of the recovery of Ca-transient amplitude ([Ca]_cyt), free SR Ca ([Ca]_SR), the amplitude of L-type Ca current (I_Ca), and peak of voltage-gated Na current (I_Na), are shown for control and diseased myocytes. Data for [Ca]_cyt and [Ca]_SR were obtained from the two-pulse experiments in ventricular myocytes from control and diseased hearts (Belevych et al., 2011, 2012). Rates of recovery for I_Na and I_Na were obtained with the Hund and Rudy (2004) model of the canine ventricular myocyte. Note the shortened time delay between the recovery of [Ca]_cyt and [Ca]_SR in diseased hearts.