Table 1.
Characteristics of study participants at baseline
| Men | Women | |
|---|---|---|
| n | 2,785 | 3,771 |
| Age (years) | 67.7 ± 6.7 | 68.3 ± 7.5 |
| Age at menopause (years) | – | 49.2 ± 4.8 |
| Observation period (years) | 7.3 ± 0.8 | 7.5 ± 0.7 |
| Spine BMD (g/cm2) | 0.993 ± 0.182 | 0.805 ± 0.159 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.2 ± 2.9 | 22.7 ± 3.3 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.73 ± 0.79 | 5.74 ± 0.64 |
| Normal/borderline/DM [DM %] | 2,110/262/413 [14.8%] | 3,005/387/379 [10.0%] |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 54.4 ± 9.2 | 51.7 ± 8.8 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 4.43 ± 0.21 | 4.48 ± 0.23 |
| CRP (mg/L) | 0.67 (0.38–1.32) | 0.62 (0.38–1.28) |
| Exercise, yes (%) | 1,680 (60.3%) | 2,033 (53.9%) |
| Smoking, yes (%) | 1,670 (60.0%) | 154 (4.1%) |
| Alcohol (non‐drinker/moderate/heavy) | 810/583/1,392 | 2,623/756/392 |
| Family history of fracture, yes (%) | 563 (20.2%) | 1,060 (28.1%) |
| IHD, yes (%) | 78 (2.8%) | 37 (1.0%) |
| CVD, yes (%) | 207 (7.4%) | 176 (4.7%) |
| Previous fracture, yes (%) | 846 (30.4%) | 958 (25.4%) |
| Incident fracture, yes (%) | 179 (6.4%) | 312 (8.3%) |
Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation or median (interquartile range). Exercise, smoking, family history of fractures, ischemic heart disease (IHD), cardiovascular disease (CVD), and prevalent fracture are expressed as number and percentages of yes. Alcohol intake according daily to amount is expressed as number. BMD, bone mineral density; BMI, body mass index; CRP, C‐reactive protein; DM, diabetes mellitus; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate.