Table 2.
Pairwise cross-sectional correlations (with Bonferroni-adjusted significance level; German Ageing Survey; fifth wave; n = 7808)
| Social exclusion | Loneliness | Number of important people in regular contact | Gender: Female | Age in years | Marital status: other marital statuses | Monthly net equivalent income in Euro | Body-Mass-Index (BMI) | Smoking status | Consumption of alcohol | Physical activity | Subjective health | Number of physical illnesses | Fall in the preceding 12 months | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Social exclusion | 1.00 | |||||||||||||
| Loneliness | 0.51*** | 1.00 | ||||||||||||
| Number of important people in regular contact | −0.08*** | −0.13*** | 1.00 | |||||||||||
| Gender: Female | 0.03 | −0.07*** | 0.07*** | 1.00 | ||||||||||
| Age in years | 0.03 | −0.05** | −0.12*** | −0.10*** | 1.00 | |||||||||
| Marital status: other marital statuses | 0.10*** | 0.10*** | −0.12*** | 0.15*** | 0.03 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Monthly net equivalent income in Euro | −0.17*** | −0.10*** | 0.12*** | −0.05*** | −0.09*** | −0.09*** | 1.00 | |||||||
| Body-Mass-Index (BMI) | 0.07*** | 0.05** | −0.03 | −0.11*** | 0.03 | −0.01 | −0.11*** | 1.00 | ||||||
| Smoking status | −0.05** | −0.08*** | 0.03 | 0.10*** | 0.22*** | −0.09*** | 0.03 | −0.01 | 1.00 | |||||
| Consumption of alcohol | 0.13*** | 0.05** | −0.09*** | 0.28*** | 0.03 | 0.12*** | −0.17*** | 0.10*** | 0.03 | 1.00 | ||||
| Physical activity | 0.12*** | 0.07*** | −0.15*** | −0.07*** | 0.09*** | 0.05** | −0.17*** | 0.19*** | −0.14*** | 0.11*** | 1.00 | |||
| Subjective health | 0.24*** | 0.19*** | −0.10*** | −0.02 | 0.14*** | 0.04+ | −0.16*** | 0.22*** | −0.06*** | 0.15*** | 0.22*** | 1.00 | ||
| Number of physical illnesses | 0.22*** | 0.17*** | −0.05** | −0.04* | 0.35*** | 0.06*** | −0.14*** | 0.21*** | 0.03 | 0.09*** | 0.14*** | 0.44*** | 1.00 | |
| Fall in the preceding 12 months | 0.11*** | 0.09*** | −0.01 | 0.08*** | 0.13*** | 0.06*** | −0.03 | 0.06*** | 0.03 | 0.06*** | 0.04+ | 0.18*** | 0.23*** | 1.00 |
*** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05, + p < 0.10. Social exclusion was assessed using a scale developed by Bude and Lantermann (2006), ranging from 1 to 4 (higher values reflect higher perceived social exclusion); Loneliness was assessed using a short version (Gierveld and Van Tilburg 2006) of the De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale (Gierveld and Kamphuls 1985), ranging from 1 to 4 (higher values reflect higher perceived loneliness). Number of important people in regular contact: ranging from 0 to 9; Gender: Ref.: Male; Marital status: Ref.: married and living together with spouse; Smoking status: ranging from 1 = ‘daily’ to 4 = ‘never been a smoker’; Consumption of alcohol: ranging from 1 = ‘daily’ to 6 = ‘never’; Physical activity: ranging from 1 = ‘daily’ to 6 = ‘never’; Subjective health: ranging from 1 = ‘very good’ to 5 = ‘very bad’; Falls: Ref.: Not experiencing a fall in the preceding 12 months; Categorical variables were treated as continuous variables for reasons of simplicity