Table 1. Reduction–oxidation pathways involved in cancer development with frequency of appearance in reviews published 2005 - 2015.
| No | Name of pathway | Frequency of appearance in 185 included reviews | Frequency of appearance in 65 reviews with high information quality score | Selected references |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intracellular ROS/RNS generating organelles and enzymes | ||||
| 1 | Mitochondria | 22 | 4 | [5, 15–17] |
| 2 | Endoplasmic reticulum | 3 | 1 | [5] |
| 3 | Peroxisomes | 1 | 1 | [5] |
| 4 | NADPH oxidase | 22 | 3 | [18–20] |
| 5 | Cyclooxygenase | 6 | 3 | [21–23] |
| 6 | Lipoxygenase | 6 | 3 | [21, 22, 24] |
| 7 | Nitric oxide synthase | 6 | 3 | [25–27] |
| 8 | Cytochrome P450 | 1 | 1 | [5] |
| 9 | Xanthine oxidase and oxidoreductase | 1 | 1 | [5] |
| 10 | Proline dehydrogenase | 1 | 1 | [28] |
| Signal transduction cascades kinases/ phosphatases | ||||
| 11 | Mitogen-activated protein kinase | 41 | 6 | [29–34] |
| 12 | Phosphoinositide 3-kinase | 26 | 4 | [35–37] |
| 13 | Protein tyrosine kinase | 10 | 4 | [37–40] |
| 14 | protein tyrosine phosphatase | 16 | 4 | [37, 40–42] |
| 15 | Protein kinase C | 7 | 3 | [37, 43, 44] |
| 16 | Protein kinase Hippo | 2 | 1 | [45] |
| Transcription factors | ||||
| 17 | Nrf2 | 29 | 4 | [46–49] |
| 18 | NF-κB | 27 | 4 | [50–53] |
| 19 | HIF | 22 | 4 | [54–57] |
| 20 | P53 | 22 | 6 | [50, 58–62] |
| 21 | AP-1 | 21 | 4 | [37, 63–65] |
| 22 | FOXO | 16 | 4 | [62, 66–68] |
| 23 | STAT | 10 | 2 | [69, 70] |
| 24 | Wnt/β-catenin | 7 | 4 | [58, 71–73] |
| 25 | APE1/Ref-1 | 6 | 2 | [74, 75] |
| 26 | Smad | 5 | 2 | [58, 76] |
| 27 | Yap1 | 4 | 1 | [6] |
| 28 | Sp1 | 4 | 1 | [6] |
| 29 | AhR | 2 | 1 | [6] |
| 30 | Ets-1 | 3 | 1 | [16] |
| 31 | Egr-1 | 1 | 1 | [6] |
| 32 | Glucocorticoid receptor | 1 | 1 | [6] |
| 33 | Paired box 5 | 1 | 1 | [6] |
| 34 | Paired box 8 | 1 | 1 | [6] |
| 35 | TTF-1 | 1 | 1 | [6] |
| 36 | USF1 | 1 | 1 | [6] |
| 37 | NFAT | 1 | 1 | [37] |
| 38 | Myb | 1 | 1 | [37] |
Abbreviations: AhR, Aryl hydrocarbon receptor; AP-1, Activator protein 1; APE1, Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease, Ref-1, Redox effector factor-1; Egr-1, Early growth response protein 1; Ets-1, E26 transformation-specific-1; FOXO, Forkhead box O; HIF, Hypoxia-inducible factor; Myb, Transcriptional activator Myb; NFAT, Nuclear factor of activated T-cells; NF-κB, Nuclear factor-κB; Nrf2, Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2; P53, Tumor protein p53; Smad, Small mothers against decapentaplegic; Sp1, Specificity protein 1; STAT, Signal transducer and activator of transcription; TTF-1, Transcription termination factor 1; USF1, Upstream stimulatory factor 1; Yap1, Yes-associated protein 1.