Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of respondents according to depressive symptoms.
| Characteristics | Total sample (n=1958) |
p* | Prevalent AD sample (n=189) |
p* | Incident AD sample (n=169) |
p* | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non depressive symptoms (n =1549) |
Depressive symptoms (n =409) |
Non depressive symptoms (n =128) |
Depressive symptoms (n=61) |
Non depressive symptoms (n=125) |
Depressive symptoms (n=44) |
|||||
| Age (M, sd) | 76.8 (7.0) | 77.7 (7.2) | 0.02 | 83.4 (8.2) | 83.3 (7.9) | 0.92 | 84.6 (7.2) | 83.6 (6.3) | 0.83 | |
| Gender (n, %) | < 0.001 | 0.01 | 0.56 | |||||||
| Female | 992 (64.0%) | 323 (79.0%) | 83(64.8%) | 51 (83.6%) | 85 (68.0%) | 32 (72.7%) | ||||
| Male | 557 (36.0%) | 86 (21.0%) | 45 (35.2%) | 10 (16.4%) | 40 (32.0%) | 12 (27.3%) | ||||
| Education (M, sd) | 10.7 (4.8) | 9.1 (4.7) | < 0.001 | 7.3 (4.5) | 6.2 (4.1) | 0.11 | 7.8 (5.2) | 7.6 (4.8) | 0.23 | |
| Ethnicity (n, %) | < 0.001 | 0.29 | 0.36 | |||||||
| White | 494 (31.9%) | 106 (25.9%) | 17 (13.3%) | 7 (11.5%) | 23 (18.4%) | 11 (25.0%) | ||||
| Black | 549 (35.4%) | 100 (24.5%) | 51 (39.8%) | 18 (29.5%) | 35 (28.0%) | 7 (15.9%) | ||||
| Hispanic | 483 (31.2%) | 198 (48.4%) | 60 (46.9%) | 36 (59.0%) | 66 (52.8%) | 26 (59.1%) | ||||
| Other | 23 (1.5%) | 5 (1.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (0.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | ||||
| Smoking status (n, %) | 0.44 | 0.85 | 0.14 | |||||||
| No smoking | 642 (50.2%) | 173 (53.6%) | 51 (59.3%) | 21 (58.3%) | 55 (47.8%) | 27 (64.3%) | ||||
| Past smoking | 501 (39.1%) | 114 (35.3%) | 28 (32.6%) | 13 (36.1%) | 57 (49.6%) | 15 (35.7%) | ||||
| Current smoking | 137 (10.7%) | 36 (11.1%) | 7 (8.1%) | 2 (5.6%) | 3 (2.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | ||||
| Alcohol consumption (n, %) | 89 (5.8%) | 16 (4.0%) | 0.15 | 4 (3.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.31 | 18 (14.4%) | 1 (2.3%) | 0.03 | |
| Diabetes (n, %) | 296 (19.4%) | 82 (20.5%) | 0.63 | 28 (22.2%) | 8 (14.0%) | 0.20 | 27 (21.6%) | 14 (31.8%) | 0.17 | |
| Hypertension (n, %) | 957 (63.0%) | 272 (68.0%) | 0.06 | 91 (73.4%) | 44 (77.2%) | 0.59 | 103 (82.4%) | 35 (79.5%) | 0.67 | |
| Stroke (n, %) | 131 (8.6%) | 49 (12.4%) | 0.02 | 16 (12.7%) | 11 (19.3%) | 0.24 | 27 (21.6%) | 9 (20.5%) | 0.87 | |
| Heart disease (n, %) | 416 (27.2%) | 134 (33.5%) | 0.01 | 35 (27.8%) | 16 (28.1%) | 0.97 | 55 (44.0%) | 27 (61.4%) | 0.05 | |
| APOE4 (n, %) | 366 (26.6%) | 102 (29.4%) | 0.30 | 38 (37.3%) | 18 (38.3%) | 0.90 | 31 (27.7%) | 14 (32.6%) | 0.55 | |
| Mortality (n, %) | 768 (49.6%) | 224 (54.8%) | 0.06 | 99 (77.3%) | 45 (73.8%) | 0.59 | 73 (58.4%) | 30 (68.2%) | 0.25 | |
Abbreviations: AD-Alzheimer’s Disease; sd = standard deviation; CES-D: Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; M=mean; n=number (frequencies).
Note-Depressive symptoms variable was based on the CES-D questionnaire, using a cutoff of ≥ 4.
*
Chi-squared and fisher’s exact tests (for categorical variables) and t-tests (for continuous variables) were carried out to compare across depressive symptoms.