Multiple Eiger-independent mechanisms to drive JNK activation in epithelial tumors. (A–C) Larval wing primordia of the indicated genotypes and stained for DAPI (blue), Ci (A, red), or MyrT (red, B and C) and dMMP1 (green). hh-GAL4 drives expression to posterior (marked as “P”) cells, and Ci labels the anterior (marked as “A”) compartment. (Scale bars, 100 µm.) (D) Cartoon depicting three distinct molecular mechanisms driving JNK activation.