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. 2017 Jul 24;114(35):9463–9468. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1701829114

Fig. 3.

Fig. 3.

Both inhibition and constitutive activation of the mTOR cascade during tutoring experiences significantly reduces tutor song copying. (A) Representative sonograms of the Tutor songs and songs from each experimental group. (B–F) Bars [black, Tutors; white, DMSO Veh; light gray, Rapa; dark gray, SC79; wide-striped, Rapa-Ctrl; narrow-striped, SC79-Ctrl; dotted, Isolate A comparisons; mottled, Isolate B comparisons; checkers, Isolate] represent the mean ± SEM for global Song Similarity score (B), Syllable Count (C), Accuracy (D), Sequential Match (E), and age of crystallization in days posthatch (F). Circles denote individual birds. *P < 0.05 and ***P < 0.001 for the indicated experimental group compared with Veh; #P < 0.01 for Rapa or SC79 compared with drug-matched control groups; $P < 0.05 for the Isolate comparisons vs. the Rapa-Ctrl and SC79-Ctrl groups [n = 6 (Veh and SC79), n = 7 (Rapa), n = 3 (Rapa-Ctrl and SC79-Ctrl), and n = 8 (Isolates)]. (G) Correlation between infusion sites and Song Similarity scores. Schematics represent the rostral-caudal (R-C) and dorsal-ventral (D-V) cannula tip positions (infusion sites) in the right and left hemispheres. For simplicity, all medial-lateral (M-L) cannula tip positions were collapsed for depiction on one M-L plane (∼500 μm from midline). White circles, Veh; light gray circles, Rapa; dark gray circles, SC79. Graphs show regression analysis of Song Similarity scores and M-L (Left; range = 330–660 μm from midline), R-C (Center; range = 286–1,300 μm from the caudal edge), and D-V (Right; range = 154–722 μm from the dorsal edge) cannula tip positions in each hemisphere. Trend lines: solid, Veh; dashed, Rapa; dotted, SC79. *P < 0.05 for the SC79 group and P = 0.096 for the Rapa group. (H) Proportion of session time spent in proximity to the tutor (HZ), either facing toward or facing away from the tutor’s cage. Bars represent the mean ± SEM. Each data point marks an individual during the first (○), middle (□), and last (x) tutoring sessions. **P < 0.01 between the Rapa- and SC79-treated groups in the facing toward tutor measurement [n = 3 (Veh) and n = 5 (Rapa and SC79)].