Figure 1. (A-B). Linear regression and SEM estimates^a for the associations with birth weight (A) and head circumference (B) per doubling of maternal serum PFAS concentrations, according to sex.

^aThe single-PFAS estimates shown in this figure reflect the mean change in the birth size measure per doubling of measured PFAS concentrations in maternal serum, after adjustment for maternal age at delivery, education, parity, pre-pregnancy BMI (continuous) and smoking during pregnancy. The multiple-PFAS estimates reflect the mean change in the birth size measure (total effect from SEMs) per doubling of PFAS exposure (i.e. latent construct of all five PFAS compounds), after adjustment for the latent constructs of OC and mercury exposures, and maternal age at delivery, education, parity, pre-pregnancy BMI (continuous) and smoking during pregnancy.

SEM: structural equation model