TABLE 3.
Odds Ratios for Gastroschisis Associated with Residential Proximity to Pesticide Applications by Specific Chemicals, Eight Counties in the San Joaquin Valley of California, 1997 to 2006
| Chemical name | Chemical groupa | Cases (n = 156) Any/no exposure |
Controls (n = 785) Any/no exposure |
Crude OR (95% CI) |
Adjusted OR (95% CI)b |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Propargite | n.a. | 5/151 | 47/738 | 0.5 (0.2–1.3) | 0.7 (0.3–1.9) |
| Oxyfluorfen | n.a. | 24/132 | 80/705 | 1.6 (1.0–2.6) | 1.8 (1.0–3.0) |
| Cyprodinil | n.a. | 5/151 | 16/769 | 1.6 (0.6–4.4) | 1.7 (0.6–5.0) |
| 2,4-D,dimethylaminesalt | Dichlorophenoxy salt or ester | 8/148 | 26/759 | 1.6 (0.7–3.6) | 1.7 (0.7–4.1) |
| Isopropylalcohol | Alcohol/ether | 29/127 | 125/660 | 1.2 (0.8–1.9) | 1.3 (0.8–2.1) |
| Abamectin | Avermectin | 7/149 | 31/754 | 1.1 (0.5–2.6) | 1.3 (0.6–3.2) |
| Myclobutanil | Azole | 9/147 | 45/740 | 1.0 (0.5–2.1) | 1.1 (0.5–2.4) |
| Tebuconazole | Azole | 5/151 | 20/765 | 1.3 (0.5–3.4) | 1.1 (0.4–3.2) |
| Paraquatdichloride | Bipyridylium | 20/136 | 87/698 | 1.2 (0.7–2.0) | 1.2 (0.7–2.1) |
| Copper hydroxide | Copper | 16/140 | 78/707 | 1.0 (0.6–1.8) | 1.1 (0.6–2.0) |
| Copper oxide(Ous) | Copper | 5/151 | 14/771 | 1.8 (0.6–5.1) | 1.8 (0.6–5.4) |
| Oryzalin | 2,6-Dinitroaniline | 9/147 | 26/759 | 1.8 (0.8–3.9) | 1.7 (0.7–4.1) |
| Pendimethalin | 2,6-Dinitroaniline | 5/151 | 14/771 | 1.8 (0.6–5.1) | 1.8 (0.6–5.9) |
| Iprodione | Dicarboximide | 10/146 | 49/736 | 1.0 (0.5–2.1) | 1.0 (0.5–2.1) |
| Maneb | Dithiocarbamate | 5/151 | 19/766 | 1.3 (0.5–3.6) | 1.9 (0.7–5.4) |
| Glyphosate, isopropylamine Salt | Phosphonoglycine | 30/126 | 166/619 | 0.9 (0.6–1.4) | 0.9 (0.6–1.5) |
| Methylbromide | Halogenated organic | 6/150 | 27/758 | 1.1 (0.5–2.8) | 1.1 (0.4–2.9) |
| Methomyl | N-Methyl carbamate | 5/151 | 23/762 | 1.1 (0.4–2.9) | 1.4 (0.5–3.8) |
| Imidacloprid | Neonicotinoid | 8/148 | 31/754 | 1.3 (0.6–2.9) | 1.4 (0.6–3.2) |
| Diazinon | Organophosphate | 5/151 | 34/751 | 0.7 (0.3–1.9) | 0.7 (0.2–2.0) |
| Dimethoate | Organophosphate | 5/151 | 16/769 | 1.6 (0.6–4.4) | 1.9 (0.6–5.4) |
| Chlorpyrifos | Organophosphate | 15/141 | 67/718 | 1.1 (0.6–2.1) | 1.0 (0.5–1.8) |
| Petroleum distillates | Petroleum derivative | 9/147 | 19/766 | 2.5 (1.1–5.6) | 2.1 (0.9–5.1) |
| Petroleum oil, unclassified | Petroleum derivative | 16/140 | 52/733 | 1.6 (0.9–2.9) | 1.7 (0.9–3.3) |
| Petroleum oil, paraffin based | Petroleum derivative | 7/149 | 25/760 | 1.4 (0.6–3.4) | 1.7 (0.7–4.2) |
| Alpha-alkylaryl-omega-hydroxypoly(oxyethylene) | Polyalkyloxy compound | 9/147 | 48/737 | 0.9 (0.5–2.0) | 1.0 (0.5–2.2) |
| Alpha-octylphenyl-omega-hydroxypoly(oxyethylene) | Polyalkyloxy compound | 11/145 | 50/735 | 1.1 (0.6–2.2) | 1.2 (0.6–2.5) |
| Alpha-(para-nonylphenyl)-omega-hydroxypoly(oxyethylene) | Polyalkyloxy compound | 38/118 | 148/637 | 1.4 (0.9–2.1) | 1.5 (1.0–2.3) |
| 4–Nonylphenol, formaldehyderesin, propoxylated | Polyalkyloxy compound | 7/149 | 39/746 | 0.9 (0.4–2.0) | 0.9 (0.4–2.2) |
| Alpha-[para-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenyl]-omega-hydroxypoly(oxyethylene) | Polyalkyloxy compound | 11/145 | 53/732 | 1.0 (0.5–2.1) | 1.2 (0.6–2.5) |
| Esfenvalerate | Pyrethroid | 10/146 | 52/733 | 1.0 (0.5–1.9) | 0.9 (0.4–2.0) |
| Norflurazon | Pyridazinone | 8/148 | 23/762 | 1.8 (0.8–4.1) | 1.6 (0.6–3.8) |
| Dimethylpolysiloxane | Silicone | 19/137 | 80/705 | 1.2 (0.7–2.1) | 1.3 (0.8–2.3) |
| Silicone defoamer | Silicone | 6/150 | 20/765 | 1.5 (0.6–3.9) | 1.2 (0.4–3.4) |
| Simazine | Triazine | 15/141 | 50/735 | 1.6 (0.9–2.9) | 1.6 (0.9–3.1) |
| Diuron | Urea | 13/143 | 51/734 | 1.3 (0.7–2.5) | 1.3 (0.6–2.6) |
n.a., not applicable; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval. Boldface values denote odds ratios with associated confidence intervals that do not include 1.0.
a
n.a. (not applicable) indicates that the chemical was not part of a larger group.
b
Odds ratio adjusted for race/ethnicity, body mass index, folic acid supplement use, and smoking.