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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Jul 26.
Published in final edited form as: Cell Syst. 2017 Jul 26;5(1):25–37.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.cels.2017.06.014

Figure 1. TLR Pathway Crosstalk Enhances Cytokine Secretion beyond Maximal Single Ligand Responses.

Figure 1

(A) Features of four representative TLR ligands selected for analysis of pathway crosstalk.

(B) Mouse BMDMs were stimulated with increasing concentrations of single or dual TLR-ligand combinations of poly(I:C) and R848, as indicated in (C), for 24 hr, and cytokine secretion was measured by ELISA. Data are presented as mean ± SD of three independent experiments. Significant differences between the observed dual ligand-stimulated cytokine level and the calculated additive output of the combined single ligand values are shown. ****p < 0.0001 (two-tailed t test).

(C) TLR-ligand doses used for evaluation of IL-6 and IL-12 p40 responses (Figure S2). The doses shown in red were selected for subsequent experiments.