Table 1. Characteristics of strained and non-strained caregivers.
| Strained caregivers (n=1321, 55.7%) | Non-strained caregivers (n=1051, 44.3%) | Test-statistic | DF | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|||||
| Age at CHS visit 6 | 76.2 (5.0) | 75.6 (5.0) | -1.03 | 232 | 0.30 |
| Female gender, % (n) | 57 (76) | 39 (41) | 8 | 1 | 0.005 |
| Race (white vs. non-white), % (n) | 92.4 (122) | 93.3 (98) | 0.7 | 1 | 0.79 |
| Years of education | 14.6 (4.7) | 13.8 (4.8) | -1.37 | 235 | 0.17 |
| Diabetes Status, % (n): | |||||
| None | 93.3 (112) | 92 (88) | 0.043 | - | 0.40 |
| Diabetes (oral hypoglycemic use only) | 6.7 (8) | 6.3 (6) | |||
| Diabetes (any insulin use) | 0 (0) | 2.1 (2) | |||
| Smoking, % (n): | |||||
| Never | 44.1 (56) | 43.4 (43) | 0.08 | 2 | 0.96 |
| Former | 44.9 (57) | 46.5 (46) | |||
| Current | 11.0 (14) | 10.1 (10) | |||
| Alcohol drinks per week, % (n)**: | |||||
| 0 | 52 (68) | 47.6 (49) | 1.23 | 2 | 0.54 |
| 1-7 | 39 (51) | 39.8 (41) | |||
| 7+ | 8.5 (11) | 12.6 (13) | |||
| Self-reported hypertension, % (n) | 45.7 (59) | 39.8 (41) | 0.82 | 1 | 0.36 |
| Systolic blood pressure | 133 (20.5) | 131 (19.4) | -0.76 | 226 | 0.45 |
| Diastolic blood pressure | 69.3 (11.1) | 68.4 (9.2) | -0.67 | 226 | 0.51 |
| Use of hypertension medication, % (n) | 49.6 (64) | 46.6 (48) | 0.21 | 1 | 0.65 |
| Global cognition (MMSE) | 93.0 (6.3) | 93.1 (5.6) | -0.284 | - | 0.78 |
| Psychomotor processing/attention (DSST) | 41.1 (13.3) | 41.3 (13.0) | 0.11 | 220 | 0.91 |
| Depression symptoms (CES-D 10 score) | 6.9 (5.9) | 4.0 (3.6) | -4.322 | 210.3 | <0.0001 |
| ≥1 ADL impairment, % (n) | 19.5 (24) | 11.0 (11) | 3.02 | 1 | 0.08 |
| ≥1 IADL impairment, % (n) | 29.9 (38) | 11.9 (12) | 10.7 | 1 | 0.001 |
| Physical activity (blocks per week) | 36.2 (64.0) | 46.3 (49.7) | 1.31 | 230 | 0.19 |
| Self-reported sleep disturbance, % (n): | |||||
| Daytime sleepiness | 23.6 (30) | 15.8 (16) | 2.11 | 1 | 0.15 |
| Trouble falling asleep | 17.5 (22) | 13.9 (14) | 0.54 | 1 | 0.46 |
| Night-time awakenings | 72.2 (91) | 60.4 (61) | 3.54 | 1 | 0.06 |
| Caregiving Characteristics: | |||||
| Frequency of memory and behavior aaproblems in care recipients | 20.2 (17.0) | 8.7 (10.1) | -5.404 | - | <0.0001 |
| Number of ADLs cared for | 1.4 (1.7) | 0.7 (1.2) | -3.694 | - | 0.0002 |
| Number of IADLs cared for | 3.0 (1.7) | 1.8 (1.4) | -5.634 | - | <0.0001 |
Means (standard deviations) shown unless otherwise specified; Test-statistics are t-values for differences in means and chi-square values for differences in proportions;
1
Each row total differs from overall total due to missing covariate data (all ≤15% missing except the frequency of memory and behavior problems in care recipients which was measured among n=181 or 76%);
2
Satterthwaite test for unequal variances used;
3
Fisher's exact test used.
4
Wilcoxon Two-Sample Test used;