Table 2.
Multivariate association of income inequality, socioeconomic deprivation, black racial concentration, HIV testing prevalence and accessibility on rates of late HIV/AIDS diagnosis among men, New York City ZIP codes (n=174), 2009–10.
| Crude modela RR (95% CI) | Model 1a RR (95% CI) | Model 2a RR (95% CI) | Model 3a RR (95% CI) | Model 4a RR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Income inequalityb | |||||
| Low 0.36–0.39) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| Medium 0.41–0.42) | 1.45 (0.96, 2.20) | 1.27 (0.81, 1.99) | 1.33 (0.85, 2.08) | 0.90 (0.56, 1.46) | 0.90 (0.55, 1.45) |
| High 0.44–0.46) | 1.94 (1.28, 2.29)** | 1.51 (0.91, 2.49) | 1.68 (1.00, 2.82)* | 0.94 (0.54, 1.63) | 0.97 (0.55, 1.73) |
| Socioeconomic Deprivation indexc | |||||
| Low (−1.30 to −0.70) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| Medium (−0.28 to 0.14) | 1.21 (0.84, 1.84) | 1.17 (0.75, 1.81) | 0.93 (0.59, 1.46) | 1.17 (0.73, 1.86) | 1.12 (0.70, 1.81) |
| High 0.60−1.65) | 1.75 (1.16, 2.64)** | 1.08 (0.62, 1.87) | 0.91 (0.51, 1.62) | 0.93 (0.52, 1.68) | 0.92 (0.49, 1.72) |
| Black racial concentration | |||||
| Low 0.00−0.04) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| Medium 0.05−0.27) | 1.59 (1.05, 2.40)* | 1.39 (0.90, 2.14) | 1.17 (0.74, 1.85) | 1.38 (0.88, 2.15) | 1.24 (0.78, 2.00) |
| High 0.28−0.94) | 2.20 (1.47, 3.30)*** | 1.86 (1.15, 3.00)* | 1.57 (0.91, 2.73) | 1.98 (1.21, 3.25)** | 1.77 (0.99, 3.18)* |
| HIV testing prevalence (%)d | |||||
| Low 16−25) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | ||
| Medium 27−34) | 2.05 (1.37, 3.06)** | 2.00 (1.27, 3.13)** | 1.32 (0.78, 2.00) | ||
| High 40−52) | 2.22 (1.46, 3.36)** | 1.59 (0.91, 2.73) | 1.77 (0.99, 3.18) | ||
| HIV testing accessibility (mean density of centers)e | |||||
| None | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | ||
| Low (< 1) | 1.65 (1.00, 2.71)* | 1.73 (1.01, 2.95)* | 1.77 (1.03, 3.04)* | ||
| Medium 2–4) | 2.66 (1.62, 4.36)** | 2.56 (1.42, 4.60)** | 2.56 (1.42, 4.61)** | ||
| High 7–20) | 3.29 (1.94, 5.58)*** | 3.30 (1.78, 6.09)*** | 3.19 (1.70, 5.98)*** | ||
| Model Fit (BIC) | 971.33 | 952.62 | 942.58 | 933.75 |
For exposure variables, parentheses contain inter quartile range, which was rounded to nearest whole for HIV testing center variable. Crude model=Crude associatio.
Model 1=GINI+socioeconomic deprivation index+black racial concentration.
Model 2=Model 1+HIV testing prevalence.
Model 3=Model 1+HIV testing accessibility.
Model 4=Model 1+HIV testing prevalence+HIV testing accessibility.
Population average rate ratio from negative binomial regression.
Census 2000 GINI coefficient.
Index of poverty, median income, education, workforce participation.
Proportion tested for HIV in the past 12 months.
Mean density of free/low cost HIV/STI testing clinics.