Table 2. Per-capita absolute costs incurred by those with psychologically distressed, major depressive disorder (MDD) and comparison group per person year (prices in 2013 USD)a.
| Comparison Group | Psychological distress | MDD | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Outpatient | |||
| Unadjustedd | 790 (721–858) | 894 (798–989) | 850 (731–969) |
| Age-sex adjustedd | 809 (725–893) | 979 (869–1,088) | 944 (802–1,085) |
| Multivariable adjustedd | 817 (743–891) | 979 (877–1,081) | 956 (831–1,082) |
| Emergency Department | |||
| Unadjusted | 99 (89–110) | 135 (113–156) | 118 (96–139) |
| Age-sex adjusted | 97 (85–108) | 139 (118–160) | 137 (109–165) |
| Multivariable adjusted | 100 (88–111) | 130 (113–148) | 129 (103–154) |
| Hospital | |||
| Unadjusted | 942 (831–1,052) | 975 (740–1,210) | 1,014 (586–1,441) |
| Age-sex adjusted | 880 (756–1,004) | 1,011 (770–1,253) | 1,139 (661–1,616) |
| Multivariable adjusted | 928 (785–1,072) | 988 (778–1,197) | 1,122 (712–1,532) |
| Other healthcareb | |||
| Unadjusted | 874 (795–953) | 1,337 (973–1,700) | 840 (502–1,179) |
| Age-sex adjusted | 786 (671–901) | 1,199 (699–1,699) | 819 (516–1,122) |
| Multivariable adjusted | 902 (772–1,032) | 1,388 (769–2,007) | 839 (567–1,111) |
| All costs | |||
| Total | |||
| Unadjustedd | 2,704 (2,493–2,916) | 3,340 (2,770–3,910) | 2,822 (2,086–3,557) |
| Age-sex adjustedd | 2,629 (2,312–2,945) | 3,364 (2,791–3,937) | 3,210 (2,413–4,008) |
| Multivariable adjustedcd | 2,831 (2,529–3,133) | 3,411 (2,856–3,965) | 3,223 (2,502–3,944) |
| Mental Health or Addictions (MHA) | |||
| Unadjusted | 73 (53–93) | 114 (65–163) | 359 (171–548) |
| Age-sex adjusted | 70 (52–88) | 138 (74–203) | 434 (192–677) |
| Multivariable adjustedc | 72 (54–91) | 132 (75–189) | 487 (184–789) |
| Non-MHA | |||
| Unadjustedd | 2,631 (2,421–2,842) | 3,226 (2,657–3,796) | 2,462 (1,774–3,150) |
| Age-sex adjustedd | 2,567 (2,248–2,886) | 3,214 (2,646–3,782) | 2,667 (1,996–3,338) |
| Multivariable adjustedcd | 2,770 (2,464–3,077) | 3,269 (2,716–3,822) | 2,628 (2,056–3,201) |
| % of total costs that are for MHA-related health services | |||
| Unadjusted | 2.7 | 3.4 | 12.7 |
| Age-sex adjusted | 2.7 | 4.1 | 13.5 |
| Multivariable adjustedc | 2.5 | 3.9 | 15.1 |
a All values weighted by sample weights, bootstrap methods used to determine 95% confidence intervals
b Outpatient prescriptions for adults age 65 and older, non-hospital based residential care, ambulatory care, home care, medical devices
c Adjusted for age, sex, marital status, urban vs rural residence, area-level low income status (quintiles 1–2 vs 3–5), white vs non-white ethnicity, immigrant status, smoking, physical inactivity (energy expenditure <1.5 kcal/kg/day) body-mass index, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, respiratory conditions, hypertension and diabetes.
d One part models were used, all other models were two-part models