Table 3. Age- and sex-adjusted per-capita excess costs incurred by those with psychological distress and major depressive disorder (MDD) compared to the comparison group per person year (prices in 2013 USD)a.
| Psychological distress | MDD | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Difference (95% CI) | p-value | Difference (95% CI) | p-value | |
| Outpatient | ||||
| Unadjustede | 104 (-17–226) | 0.093 | 61 (-77–198) | 0.389 |
| Age-sex adjustede | 170 (16–324)b | 0.031 | 135 (-56–326) | 0.165 |
| Multivariable adjustede | 162 (43–281)b | 0.008 | 139 (4–275)b | 0.044 |
| Emergency Department | ||||
| Unadjusted | 36 (12–60)b | 0.004 | 19 (-6–43) | 0.132 |
| Age-sex adjusted | 43 (17–68)b | 0.001 | 41 (7–74)b | 0.018 |
| Multivariable adjusted | 31 (12–50)b | 0.001 | 29 (4–55)b | 0.024 |
| Hospital | ||||
| Unadjusted | 34 (-228–295) | 0.801 | 72 (-379–523) | 0.754 |
| Age-sex adjusted | 131 (-176–439) | 0.403 | 259 (-272–789) | 0.34 |
| Multivariable adjusted | 59 (-188–306) | 0.638 | 194 (-226–614) | 0.365 |
| Other healthcarec | ||||
| Unadjusted | 463 (91–834)b | 0.015 | -34 (-382–315) | 0.849 |
| Age-sex adjusted | 413 (-129–954) | 0.135 | 33 (-316–381) | 0.855 |
| Multivariable adjusted | 486 (-162–1,134) | 0.142 | -62 (-364–239) | 0.684 |
| All costs | ||||
| Total | ||||
| Unadjustede | 636 (20–1,252)b | 0.043 | 117 (-663–897) | 0.768 |
| Age-sex adjustede | 735 (27–1,444)b | 0.042 | 582 (-360–1,524) | 0.226 |
| Multivariable adjustedde | 580 (-71–1,230) | 0.081 | 392 (-362–1,147) | 0.308 |
| Mental Health or Addictions (MHA) | ||||
| Unadjusted | 41 (-13–94) | 0.136 | 287 (98–475)b | 0.003 |
| Age-sex adjusted | 68 (4–133)b | 0.038 | 364 (125–604)b | 0.003 |
| Multivariable adjustedd | 60 (7–113)b | 0.027 | 414 (118–711)b | 0.006 |
| Non-MHA | ||||
| Unadjustede | 595 (-20–1,210) | 0.058 | -169 (-901–563) | 0.65 |
| Age-sex adjustede | 647 (-54–1,348) | 0.071 | 100 (-718–918) | 0.81 |
| Multivariable adjustedde | 499 (-150–1,148) | 0.132 | -142 (-748–464) | 0.646 |
a All values weighted by sample weights, bootstrap methods used to determine 95% confidence intervals
b Significant results (i.e. 95% confidence interval for the difference does not cross $0)
c Outpatient prescriptions for adults age 65 and older, non-hospital based residential care, ambulatory care, home care, medical devices
d Adjusted for age, sex, marital status, urban vs rural residence, area-level low income status (quintiles 1–2 vs 3–5), white vs non-white ethnicity, immigrant status, smoking, physical inactivity (energy expenditure <1.5 kcal/kg/day) body-mass index, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, respiratory conditions, hypertension and diabetes.
e One part models were used, all other models were two-part models