Table 5. Educational needs according to WHO learning topics (N = 144).
| Ranking | Educational needs | All (n = 144) |
School clinical instructors (n = 38) |
Hospital nurse preceptors (n = 106) |
x2 | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M±SD | |||||||
| Overall educational needs | 4.15±0.41 | 4.15±0.39 | 4.16±0.42 | -.062 | .950 | ||
| 1 | Medication | 4.49±0.70 | 4.37±0.86 | 4.54±0.64 | -1.088 | .282 | |
| 2 | Infection prevention | 4.47±0.62 | 4.52±0.64 | 4.45±0.62 | .572 | .568 | |
| 3 | Invasive procedures | 4.43±0.71 | 4.28±0.83 | 4.48±0.65 | -1.326 | .191 | |
| 4 | Patient-centered care | 4.36±0.65 | 4.37±0.71 | 4.35±0.63 | .199 | .843 | |
| 5 | Managing clinical risk | 4.35±0.63 | 4.41±0.64 | 4.33±0.63 | .653 | .515 | |
| 6 | Learning from errors | 4.35±0.63 | 4.39±0.59 | 4.33±0.64 | .532 | .596 | |
| 7 | Quality-improvement methods | 4.10±0.65 | 4.18±0.56 | 4.07±0.68 | .929 | .355 | |
| 8 | Teamwork | 4.03±0.74 | 4.05±0.70 | 4.02±0.76 | .234 | .815 | |
| 9 | Patient safety principle & concept | 3.95±0.76 | 4.00±0.70 | 3.93±0.78 | .458 | .648 | |
| 10 | Complexity of systems | 3.67±0.82 | 3.58±0.89 | 3.70±0.79 | -.768 | .444 | |
| 11 | Human factor† | 3.51±0.79 | 3.50±0.80 | 3.52±0.80 | -.125 | .900 | |
† Human factor is the science of the interrelationship between humans, their tools and the environment in which they live and work [1].