Exercise re-establishes mitochondrial fission-fusion balance in failing hearts. (A) Representative images of cardiac mitochondrial morphology (S, sarcomere; M, mitochondria), quantification of mitochondrial number and area, and frequency distribution of mitochondrial area evaluated by transmission electron microscopy, and protein levels of mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) complex I (NDUFA9), complex III (UQCRC1) and complex V (ATP5A1) in heart lysate from sedentary sham-treated (control), sedentary heart failure (HF) and exercised heart failure (HF-Ex) rat hearts. (B) MFN1, MFN2 and DNM1L protein levels in heart lysate and DNM1L protein levels in cardiac-isolated mitochondria from control, HF and HF-Ex rats. (C) MFN1, MFN2 and DNM1L GTPase activity in cardiac-isolated mitochondria from control, HF and HF-Ex rats. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. *, p < 0.05 vs. control; #, p < 0.05 vs. HF rats. LC, light chain.