Table 1.
Reported medication causing aphasia in literature review
| Drug | Symptoms | Mechanism | Level of evidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ipilimumab10 | Aphasia, tremor and ataxia, myocloni, hallucinations, anxiety and agitation in turns with somnolence | Unclear, suspect related to anti-thyroid antibodies | Case report |
| Immunomodulatory drugs11 (thalidomide, lenalidomide, pomalidomide) | Reversible coma, amnesia, expressive aphasia, and dysarthria | Central neurotoxicity | Case series |
| Lamotrigine12 | Global aphasia | EEG showed continuous spikes and waves | Case report |
| Vigabatrin13 | Aphasia disorder | Unclear | Case report |
| Sulfasalazine14 | Dysphasia, seizures, rash | Unclear | Case report |
| Cyclosporine A15 | Aphasia | Central neurotoxicity | Case report |
| Ifosfamide16 | Confusion, aphasia, hallucinations, and coma | Central neurotoxicity | Case series |
| Phenylpropanolamine17 | Acute memory loss and nominal aphasia | Unclear | Case report |
| Contrast (cardiac catheterization)18 | Encephalopathy, motor and sensory disturbances, vision disturbance, ophthalmoplegia, aphasia, and seizures | 1. Disruption of the BBB and direct neuronal injury; 2. Transient vasoconstriction | Case series |
| Metrizamide myelography19 | Expressive dysphasia | Neurotoxic reaction | Case series |
| Naftidrofuryl oxalate20 | Aphasia | Unclear | Case report |
| Cisplatin21 | Aphasia, confusion, and agitation | Central neurotoxicity | Case report |
Abbreviations: EEG, electroencephalography; BBB, blood–brain barrier.