Table 1.
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Intervention (N = 110) | Control (N = 115) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years): (range), median | (45, 91) 70 | (50, 90) 70 | |
| Mean ± standard deviation | 69.7 ± 10.4 | 70.2 ± 10.1 | 0.81 |
| White race: N (%) | 82 (74.6) | 92 (80.0) | 0.33 |
| Male sex: N (%) | 109 (99.1) | 110 (95.7) | 0.21 |
| Excessive daytime sleepiness (ESS ≥10): N (%) | 36 (32.4) | 28 (24.1) | 0.17 |
| Index cerebrovascular eventa | |||
| Stroke: N (%) | 75 (68.2) | 87 (75.7) | 0.21 |
| Transient ischemic attack (TIA): N (%) | 49 (44.6) | 45 (39.1) | 0.41 |
| Time from most recent event to enrollment (year): (range) median | (0, 44) 4 | (0, 65) 4 | |
| Mean ± standard deviation | 6.2 ± 7.4 | 7.3 ± 9.2 | 0.45 |
| Comorbidity: N (%) | |||
| Hypertension | 110 (100.0) | 115 (100.0) | |
| On any antihypertensive medication | 104 (94.6) | 111 (96.5) | 0.53 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 88 (80.0) | 96 (83.5) | 0.50 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 51 (46.4) | 40 (34.8) | 0.08 |
| Chronic pain | 42 (38.2) | 31 (27.0) | 0.07 |
| Depression | 39 (35.5) | 37 (32.2) | 0.60 |
| Current tobacco smoking: N (%) | 32 (29.1) | 32 (27.8) | 0.83 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) | 26 (23.6) | 21 (18.3) | 0.32 |
| Myocardial infarction | 25 (22.7) | 30 (26.1) | 0.56 |
| Anxiety | 23 (20.9) | 13 (11.3) | 0.05 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 19 (17.3) | 26 (22.6) | 0.32 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 11 (10.0) | 19 (16.5) | 0.15 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 10 (9.1) | 11 (9.6) | 0.90 |
| Dementia | 10 (9.1) | 6 (5.2) | 0.26 |
| Congestive heart failure | 9 (8.2) | 14 (12.2) | 0.32 |
| Charlson comorbidity score: mean ± standard deviation | 2.6 ± 2.2 | 2.3 ± 2.2 | 0.25 |
| Measurements | |||
| Neck circumference (inches): mean ± standard deviation | 16.4 ± 1.5 | 16.3 ± 1.3 | 0.87 |
| Waist circumference (inches): mean ± standard deviation | 41.3 ± 5.2 | 42.2 ± 5.1 | 0.19 |
| Weight (pounds): mean ± standard deviation | 188.6 ± 34.3 | 193.4 ± 34.7 | 0.19 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2): mean ± standard deviation | 38.5 ± 12.9 | 39.6 ± 12.9 | 0.45 |
| NIH Stroke Scale: (range) median | (0, 12), 1.0 | (0,19), 1.0 | |
| Mean ± standard deviation | 2.2 ± 2.7 | 2.0 ± 3.1 | 0.51 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg): (range) median | (86, 184) 132 | (94, 190) 134 | |
| Mean ± standard deviation | 132.1 ± 19.3 | 133.8 ± 17.3 | 0.43 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg): (range) median | (36, 100) 72 | (50, 102) 72 | |
| Mean ± standard deviation | 71.6 ± 11.9 | 72.5 ± 11.3 | 0.72 |
| 24-h mean systolic blood pressure (mmHg): range, median | (97.2, 176.5) 134.4 | (98.7, 178.5) 136.8 | |
| Mean ± standard deviation | 134.2 ± 14.1 | 136.1 ± 13.3 | 0.32 |
| 24-h mean diastolic blood pressure (mmHg): range, median | (51.7, 97.5) 72.0 | (51.1, 116.8) 72.2 | |
| Mean ± standard deviation | 72.3 ± 10.1 | 73.8 ± 11.4 | 0.48 |
| Antihypertensive medication defined daily dose (DDD): (range), median | (0.0, 9.5) 2.7 | (0.0, 9.7) 2.7 | |
| Mean ± standard deviation | 2.9 ± 2.3 | 3.1 ± 2.3 | 0.43 |
| Medication-adjusted SBP (mmHg): range, median | (116.3, 226.8) 155.0 | (100.7, 232.0) 157.4 | |
| Mean ± standard deviation | 157.4 ± 25.0 | 161.6 ± 24.3 | 0.17 |
| Nocturnal blood pressure dipping patterns: N (%) | |||
| Extreme: ≥20% fall in SBP at night/sleep | 3 (3.1) | 5 (4.9) | 0.60 |
| Normal: ≥10 but <20% fall in SBP at night/sleep | 21 (21.7) | 15 (14.6) | |
| None: <10 to ≤0% fall at night/sleep | 43 (44.3) | 50 (48.5) | |
| Reverse: SBP, sleep >wakefulness | 30 (30.9) | 33 (32.0) |
ESS Epworth Sleepiness Scale, SBP systolic blood pressure
aAll patients in this cohort had a history of a cerebrovascular event and hypertension