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. 2017 Sep 5;7:10530. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-10444-5

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Suggested equations to measure different parameters of skin temperature during warm and cold exposures. (A) Mean skin temperature (14-ISO): *P ≤ 0.001: Warm I vs. Cold; ^#P ≤ 0.001: Cold vs. Warm II; ^#P = 0.002. Proximal skin temperature (Boon): *P ≤ 0.001: Warm I vs. Cold; ^#P ≤ 0.001: Cold vs. Warm II. Distal skin temperature (Krauchi): *P ≤ 0.001: Warm I vs. Cold; ^#P ≤ 0.001: Cold vs. Warm II. (B) Body temperature gradient (Boon): *P ≤ 0.001: Warm I vs. Cold. Supraclavicular temperature gradient (Lee): *P ≤ 0.001: Warm I vs. Cold; ^#P ≤ 0.001: Cold vs. Warm II. Peripheral temperature gradient (Sessler): *P ≤ 0.001: Warm I vs. Cold. (C) Raw data of all anatomic points integrated in the equations to estimate supraclavicular temperature gradients: all ^†P≤0.001: Warm I vs. Cold; all **P ≤ 0.001: Cold vs. Warm II. No significant differences were found in the supraclavicular skin temperature across the exposures. Data are mean and standard error.