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. 2017 Aug 20;2017:5682354. doi: 10.1155/2017/5682354

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Steered with the specific spatiotemporal control strategies, a single embryonic stem cell (ESC) or pluripotent stem cell (PSC) can develop to a three germ layer brain and pure neural type. The outline has been depicted in Tao's paper (Tao et al.). BNP: bone morphogenetic protein; ESC: embryonic stem cell; FGF: fibroblast growth factor; LGE: lateral ganglionic eminence; MGE: medial ganglionic eminence; NSC: neural stem cell; PSC: pluripotent stem cell; RA: retinoic acid; Shh: sonic hedgehog.