Table 1.
Patterns of household out-of-pocket payments and financial burdens for cancer treatments.
| Subgroup | Total household out of pocket, million VND | Rate of catastrophe expenditure (using different cut-off points), % | Rate of impoverishment, % | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | Median | SD | 20%∗ | 30%∗ | 40%∗ | 50%∗ | ||
| Gender | ||||||||
| Male | 46.206 | 33.65 | 66.772 | 79.8 | 71.6 | 65.6 | 56.8 | 33.5 |
| Female | 42.848 | 33.35 | 43.518 | 83.7 | 74.6 | 64.3 | 56.9 | 39 |
| Age group | ||||||||
| <44 | 39.871 | 30 | 42.84 | 82.6 | 69.7 | 57.5 | 48.1 | 31.4 |
| 44–60 | 47.966 | 36.65 | 58.879 | 84.9 | 77.3 | 69.7 | 63.2 | 40.5 |
| >60 | 38.058 | 30.39 | 37.504 | 76.8 | 69.5 | 60.6 | 51.6 | 37 |
| Education level | ||||||||
| No school | 40.688 | 25.6 | 69.24 | 82.1 | 76.9 | 66.7 | 59 | 41 |
| Primary school | 41.648 | 29.127 | 78.525 | 85.5 | 77 | 69.4 | 60.9 | 38.3 |
| Secondary/high school | 43.279 | 34 | 38.455 | 82.8 | 74.7 | 66.7 | 59.3 | 39.3 |
| Vocational school | 59.184 | 50.6 | 56.787 | 84.8 | 78.8 | 66.7 | 57.6 | 27.3 |
| College/university | 46.563 | 36.325 | 40.645 | 77 | 63 | 49.1 | 40.6 | 29.7 |
| Working status | ||||||||
| Do not have paid work | 42.404 | 31.27 | 56.289 | 81.4 | 73.6 | 65.5 | 58.9 | 38.4 |
| Have paid work | 46.232 | 37.2 | 41.442 | 84.5 | 73.8 | 63.3 | 53.3 | 35.7 |
| Health insurance status | ||||||||
| Do not have health insurance | 44.37 | 34.086 | 40.042 | 86.4 | 78.4 | 70.4 | 64.1 | 42.9 |
| Have health insurance | 43.634 | 33 | 54.586 | 81.3 | 72.1 | 62.8 | 54.4 | 35.6 |
| Household income level | ||||||||
| <100% of mean national income | 42.942 | 28.26 | 81.72 | 95.9 | 94.7 | 92.4 | 90.6 | 21.8 |
| 100%–200% of mean national income | 46.1 | 38.5 | 38.738 | 96.7 | 92.3 | 89.2 | 83.3 | 73.3 |
| >200% of mean national income | 40.888 | 34.41 | 31.513 | 68.1 | 52.3 | 34.4 | 22.9 | 10.3 |
| Cancer site location | ||||||||
| At hematological/blood system | 28.533 | 19.925 | 23.966 | 59.1 | 50 | 40.9 | 27.3 | 13.6 |
| At respiratory system | 43.404 | 36 | 43.524 | 79.1 | 73.3 | 63.4 | 56 | 39.3 |
| At digestive system | 41.951 | 32.95 | 37.096 | 81.1 | 69.9 | 63.1 | 54.4 | 29.1 |
| At reproductive system | 40.558 | 32 | 37.037 | 84.9 | 76.8 | 68.1 | 58.4 | 37.8 |
| Breast cancer | 52.845 | 41.5 | 55.29 | 89.3 | 82.2 | 71.8 | 66.3 | 49.2 |
| Other cancer | 37.457 | 25 | 69.969 | 78.1 | 65.8 | 57 | 48.7 | 29.4 |
| Cancer grade | ||||||||
| Cancer grade I | 42.577 | 31.5 | 35.513 | 84 | 74.1 | 65.4 | 59.3 | 37 |
| Cancer grade II | 52.464 | 37.56 | 66.386 | 89.6 | 83.2 | 72.8 | 64.9 | 43.6 |
| Cancer grade III | 41.823 | 33 | 48.098 | 80.8 | 71.4 | 62.7 | 54.8 | 36 |
| Type of treatment | ||||||||
| Surgery alone | 28.236 | 20 | 40.612 | 76.5 | 62.7 | 53.6 | 43.1 | 25.5 |
| Nonsurgery treatments∗∗ | 43.347 | 35 | 63.233 | 78.6 | 70.5 | 62.4 | 55.8 | 35.3 |
| Multiple treatments∗∗∗ | 86.1 | 78 | 68.5 | 60.7 | 41.4 | |||
|
| ||||||||
| Overall (n, %) | 43.818 | 33.35 | 51.322 | 848 (82.6) | 766 (73.7) | 701 (64.7) | 616(56.9) | 406 (37.4) |
∗Catastrophe expenditure if total medical expenditures equal or exceed 20%/30%/40%/50% of total household income, respectively. ∗∗Nonsurgery treatments include chemotherapy or radiotherapy or hormonal therapy or biopharmaceutical therapy alone. ∗∗∗Multiple treatments include both surgery and nonsurgery treatments.