Table 1.

Redox parameters, TNF-α and IL1β levels in macrophage cells, RAW 264.7.

			Anacardium occidentale leaf extract
			Extract				Extract + LPS 1 μg/mL
	Control	LPS 1 μg/mL	0.5 μg/mL	5 μg/mL	500 μg/mL		0.5 μg/mL	5 μg/mL	500 μg/mL
Carbonyl groups (nmol/mg prot)	6.38 ± 0.47	10.02 ± 0.44∗∗	4.13 ± 0.17∗	3.97 ± 0.19∗	2.54 ± 0.16∗		6.22 ± 0.28	7.65 ± 0.55	2.02 ± 0.25∗
TBARS (nmol/mg prot)	0.61 ± 0.03	0.81 ± 0.05∗∗	0.45 ± 0.01	0.30 ± 0.02∗	0.21 ± 0.01∗		0.55 ± 0.04	0.45 ± 0.03	0.12 ± 0.01∗
Thiol groups (μmol/mg prot)	143.81 ± 5.25	72.75 ± 1.95∗∗	184.42 ± 5.70	153.88 ± 3.60	63.52 ± 3.32∗		122.05 ± 5.59	140.33 ± 4.60	49.90 ± 1.97∗
SOD (U/mg prot)	11.64 ± 0.16	6.03 ± 0.13∗∗	11.89 ± 0.18	12.27 ± 0.34	5.61 ± 0.20∗		10.46 ± 0.28	9.29 ± 0.33	3.71 ± 0.18∗
CAT (U/mg prot)	0.90 ± 0.04	0.45 ± 0.03∗∗	0.94 ± 0.06	0.78 ± 0.02	0.29 ± 0.02∗		0.78 ± 0.03∗	0.85 ± 0.04	0.30 ± 0.05∗

Parameters of oxidative stress: carbonyl levels were quantified in order to evaluate cell protein oxidative damage; thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) levels were assessed as an index for cellular lipid peroxidation; and thiol levels were assessed to verify protein redox modification. The activities of the antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were also evaluated. Data represent mean ± SEM from three independent experiments (n = 6 per group). One-way ANOVA followed by the post hoc Tukey's test, ^∗p < 0.05 versus the control group; ^∗∗p < 0.05 versus treated group.