Table 1.
Genes and processes involved in transcytosis (2006–2016)
| Family | Factors | Function | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Clathrin adaptors | AP-1B | Sorting in the recycling and biosynthetic routes | Gravotta et al. 2007; reviewed in Gonzalez and Rodriguez-Boulan 2009 |
| Nonclathrin | Naked-2 | Cargo (TGF-α) recognition and targeting | Li et al. 2007 |
| Actin | EFA6 | ARF-6 GTPase-activating protein (GAP)/early endosome recruitment, regulation of IgA transcytosis | Shultz et al. 2006 |
| INF-2 (human inverted formin 2) | Formation of actin filaments, regulation of apical transcytosis | Hyman et al. 2006; Madrid et al. 2010 | |
| Myosin Vb | Common/apical recycling endosome | Swiatecka-Urban et al. 2007; Tzaban et al. 2009; Roland et al. 2011 | |
| Microtubules | Kinesin KIF16B | Tfn and pIgR transcytosis is microtubule dependent Common/apical recycling endosome | Perez Bay et al. 2013 |
| Rab GTPases | Rab11a | Recycling endosome | Roland et al. 2011; Xu et al. 2011; Perez Bay et al. 2013; reviewed in Lapierre et al. 2012 |
| Rab11a family interacting protein | Rab11 effector, phosphorylation regulates tight junctions and transcytosis of Tfn | Ducharme et al. 2007, 2011; Lapierre et al. 2012 | |
| TBC1D9B | Rab11a GAP, regulates IgA basolateral to apical transcytosis | Gallo et al. 2014 | |
| Rab35 | Docking of vesicles at apical plasma membrane and transcytosis | Mrozowska and Fukuda 2016 | |
| Rab25 | Transcytosis (common/apical recycling endosome) | Tzaban et al. 2009 | |
| SNAREs | Syntaxin-2 | Interaction with sumyolated Rab17 | Striz and Tuma 2016 |
| VAMP-7 (Ti-VAMP) | Required for sorting of apical proteins and transcytosis | Pocard et al. 2007 | |
| VAMP-8 | Transcytosis to the apical membrane | Pocard et al. 2007 | |
| Phosphoinositide-3 kinase | Controls retromer’s role in pIgR–pIgA transcytosis | Verges et al. 2007 | |
| Retromer | Sorting of B-secretase in MDCK cells, TGF-β trafficking and localization to basolateral membrane | Cuartero et al. 2012; role of retromer reviewed in Yin et al. 2013; Verges 2016 | |
| Lipid rafts | MAL (myelin and lymphocyte protein) | Raft stabilizer, induces large clusters containing apical proteins | de Marco et al. 2002, 2006; Marazuela et al. 2004; Magal et al. 2009; In and Tuma 2010; Ramnarayanan and Tuma 2011 |
| Oligomerization | Increases GPI-APs affinity to DRMs and transcytosis to apical membrane | Galmes et al. 2013 | |
| Galectin-4 | Acts as an apical sorting signal and mediates TfR transcytosis | Perez Bay et al. 2014 | |
| Other | Ceramide | Transcytosis of oxLDL across the endothelial cell barrier | Li et al. 2014 |
| Mfsd2 | Required for functional BBB; major transporter for DHA (omega-3 fatty acid) uptake into brain | Ben-Zvi et al. 2014; Nguyen et al. 2014; Guemez-Gamboa et al. 2015; Wang et al. 2016 | |
| Godzilla | E3-ubiquitin ligase; Wingless signaling | Yamazaki et al. 2016. |