Table 3. Adipokines and glycemic parameters before and after intervention .

Parameter	Probiotic (n=30)	P *	Prebiotic (n=29)	P *	Placebo (n=30)	P *	P **
Leptin (ng/mL)	Before	73.10±26.78	< 0.001	80.34±29.71	< 0.001	75.85±26.96	0.629	0.000†
	After	48.6±13.56		56.86±22.83		74.41±26.17
Adiponectin (µg/mL)	Before	24.36±11.11	< 0.001	27.82±10.43	< 0.001	25.78±9.45	0.005	0.837
	After	40.73±24.14		43.9±15.66		39.37±24.17
FBS	Before	91.47±9.86	0.349	95.31±17.67	0.026	98.3±24.16	0.368	0.296
	After	88.83±10.14		89.41±16.76		96.23±20.62
Insulin (µ IU/mL)	Before	16.7±8.72	0.004	15.06±6.26	< 0.001	17.44±11.66	0.382	0.004†
	After	12.92±9.32		11.42±4.50		18.49±12.76
HOMA-IR	Before	3.82±2.14	0.01	3.62±1.89	< 0.001	4.7±5.87	0.959	0.026†
	After	2.96±2.53		2.58±1.35		4.8±5.45
QUICKI	Before	0.32±0.024	0.001	0.32±0.021	< 0.001	0.31±0.024	0.614	0.000†
	After	0.33±0.031		0.34±0.023		0.31±0.022

Values are reported as mean±SD.

P*: Obtained from the paired samples t test for comparison of data between the beginning and end of the study.

P**: Obtained from ANCOVA test adjusted for the baseline values among the intervention and placebo groups.

†: Significant difference between probiotic and prebiotic groups with placebo group that obtained from Bonferoni post hoc