Table 2.
Within- and between-region variation in first- and second-tier treatments for elevated intracranial pressure
| Variable | Northern Europe (n =9) | Western Europe (n = 25) | United Kingdom (n =7) | Southern Europe (N =12) | Baltic states (n = 5) | Eastern Europe (n = 6) | Israel (n = 2) | Nagelkerke R 2 value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First-tier treatments | ||||||||
| Propofol | 78% | 76% | 100% | 92% | 80% | 67% | 100% | 0.14 |
| Midazolam | 67% | 76% | 29% | 75% | 100% | 83% | 100% | 0.22 |
| Fentanyl | 44% | 44% | 29% | 67% | 100% | 100% | 50% | 0.31 |
| Morphine | 56% | 48% | 57% | 50% | 40% | 33% | 50% | 0.02 |
| Neuromuscular blocking agents | 0% | 16% | 29% | 25% | 40% | 67% | 50% | 0.25 |
| α2-Agonists | 33% | 12% | 0% | 17% | 40% | 0% | 0% | 0.22 |
| Barbiturates | 11% | 8% | 0% | 0% | 80% | 83% | 0% | 0.63 |
| CSF drainage | 33% | 24% | 0% | 25% | 60% | 50% | 0% | 0.20 |
| Mannitol | 11% | 67% | 43% | 83% | 100% | 100% | 100% | 0.46 |
| Hypertonic saline | 89% | 71% | 86% | 58% | 40% | 33% | 100% | 0.20 |
| Second-tier treatments | ||||||||
| Decompressive craniectomy | 33% | 36% | 29% | 33% | 80% | 33% | 100% | 0.16 |
| Hypothermia | 22% | 25% | 71% | 25% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0.29 |
| Deep hyperventilation | 0% | 13% | 0% | 33% | 20% | 33% | 0% | 0.24 |
| Barbiturates | 11% | 29% | 14% | 33% | 80% | 67% | 0% | 0.25 |
| CSF drainage | 56% | 28% | 43% | 33% | 20% | 17% | 50% | 0.08 |
CSF Cerebrospinal fluid
Note. Table presents the percentage of participants within each geographic region that indicated that the first- or second-tier treatment was their general policy. Nagelkerke R 2 was derived from a logistic regression analysis with treatment (general policy yes/no) as the dependent variable and geographic region (categorical variable) as an independent variable. Nagelkerke R 2 represents the proportion of variance of the treatment variable that is accounted for by geographic region
Northern Europe = Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Denmark; Western Europe = Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Switzerland, and The Netherlands; Southern Europe = Italy and Spain; Eastern Europe = Hungary, Romania, Serbia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina; Baltic states = Latvia and Lithuania