Table 7.
Home-based exposures (mean, 95% CI) to convenience stores, restaurants, cafés and all outlets, Euclidean and Network 1 mile buffers
| Home | Convenience stores | Restaurants | Cafés | All outlets | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 mile euclidean | 1 mile network | 1 mile euclidean | 1 mile network | 1 mile euclidean | 1 mile network | 1 mile euclidean | 1 mile network | |
| Educational attainmenta (n = 10,276) | ||||||||
| Low | 9.0 (8.5, 9.5) | 5.3 (5.0, 5.6) | 10.2 (9.5, 11.0) | 5.6 (5.2, 6.0) | 5.8 (5.3, 6.3) | 3.0 (2.6, 3.3) | 34.3 (32.3, 36.3) | 20.2 (19.0, 21.5) |
| Medium | 8.0 (7.7, 8.2) | 4.8 (4.6, 4.9) | 10.7 (10.1, 11.3) | 5.9 (5.6, 6.3) | 6.4 (6.0, 6.8) | 3.3 (3.0, 3.5) | 33.5 (32.0, 35.0) | 19.9 (19.0, 20.8) |
| High | 13.3 (12.8, 13.7) | 7.5 (7.2, 7.8) | 30.1 (28.7, 31.5) | 15.7 (14.9, 16.6) | 20.0 (19.0, 20.9) | 9.8 (9.2, 10.4) | 78.8 (75.4, 82.2) | 43.8 (41.7, 45.9) |
| p-trendc | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| % Differenced | 48 | 42 | 195 | 180 | 245 | 227 | 129 | 117 |
| Equivalised incomeb (n = 9617) | ||||||||
| <£23,000 | 9.9 (9.5, 10.4) | 5.8 (5.5, 6.1) | 14.2 (13.1, 15.2) | 7.6 (7.0, 8.2) | 8.5 (7.8, 9.2) | 4.2 (3.8, 4.7) | 43.0 (40.4, 45.7) | 24.9 (23.2, 26.5) |
| £23,000−£42,999 | 9.4 (9.0, 9.7) | 5.6 (5.3, 5.8) | 15.7 (14.8, 16.6) | 8.5 (8.0, 9.1) | 9.6 (9.0, 10.3) | 4.8 (4.5, 5.2) | 44.9 (42.6, 47.2) | 26.3 (24.9, 27.7) |
| ≥£43,000 | 11.2 (10.7, 11.6) | 6.3 (6.1, 6.6) | 22.0 (20.8, 23.3) | 11.4 (10.7, 12.2) | 14.3 (13.4, 15.1) | 6.9 (6.4, 7.5) | 60.2 (57.2, 63.2) | 33.5 (31.7, 35.3) |
| p-trendc | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| % Differenced | 13 | 9 | 55 | 50 | 68 | 64 | 50 | 35 |
| Home and work e | ||||||||
| Educational attainmenta (n = 7169) | ||||||||
| Low | 23.0 (21.9, 24.1) | 14.2 (13.5, 15.0) | 32.6 (30.4, 34.8) | 21.0 (19.4, 22.6) | 19.3 (17.8, 20.8) | 12.7 (11.5, 13.8) | 98.8 (93.4, 104.2) | 63.8 (59.9, 67.7) |
| Medium | 20.3 (19.6, 21.0) | 12.6 (12.1, 13.1) | 33.2 (31.6, 34.8) | 21.4 (20.3, 22.5) | 20.4 (19.3, 21.4) | 13.2 (12.4, 14.0) | 95.5 (91.7, 99.3) | 61.7 (59.0, 64.4) |
| High | 27.7 (26.8, 28.6) | 16.2 (15.6, 16.7) | 69.1 (66.2, 72.0) | 42.7 (40.6, 44.7) | 45.3 (43.3, 47.2) | 27.9 (26.5, 29.3) | 173.9 (167.3, 180.5) | 107.4 (102.8, 112.1) |
| p-trendc | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| % Differenced | 20 | 14 | 112 | 103 | 135 | 120 | 76 | 68 |
| Equivalised incomeb (n = 6774) | ||||||||
| <£23,000 | 23.0 (21.9, 24.1) | 14.2 (13.5, 14.9) | 36.6 (34.1, 39.2) | 22.9 (21.1, 24.6) | 22.3 (20.6, 24.0) | 14.0 (12.8, 15.2) | 106.4 (100.3, 112.5) | 67.3 (63.1, 71.4) |
| £23,000−£42,999 | 22.7 (21.9, 23.5) | 13.9 (13.3, 14.4) | 43.2 (41.1, 45.4) | 27.5 (26.0, 29.1) | 26.9 (25.4, 28.3) | 17.2 (16.1, 18.3) | 117.5 (112.6, 122.5) | 75.1 (71.5, 78.6) |
| ≥£43,000 | 25.1 (24.2, 26.0) | 14.9 (14.3, 15.5) | 55.2 (52.6, 57.9) | 34.4 (32.6, 36.2) | 35.5 (33.8, 37.3) | 22.1 (20.9, 23.4) | 143.8 (137.8, 149.9) | 89.6 (85.4, 93.8) |
| p-trendc | 0.001 | 0.084 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| % Differenced | 9 | 5 | 51 | 50 | 59 | 58 | 35 | 33 |
aEducational attainment: ‘Low’ indicates compulsory school education and corresponding qualifications; ‘Medium’ indicates further education academic or vocational qualifications; ‘High’ represents degree or higher qualifications
bTotal household income equivalised using a version of the OECD’s modified equivalence scale
cTest for trend based on linear regression with groups of education/income treated as a continuous variable
dPercent difference is of the additional exposure in the highest socioeconomic group compared to the lowest
eParticipants included if they had a valid work postcode and were in work
All food outlets = takeaways, supermarkets, convenience stores, restaurants, cafes