Table 2.
Summary of Neuropsychological Testing
| Test | Controls | mTBI | t test comparison of controls and mTBI | CUD z score <2 SD | CUD z score >2SD | Post-hoc ANOVA statistic comparing CUD z-score <2 vs. >2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Processing Speed Index | 108 ± 4.0 | 88.4 ± 3.2 | t16 = 3.7 p < 0.002 |
85.3 ± 0.7 | 90.2 ± 5.1 | NS |
| Digit Symbol | 11.3 ± 0.7 | 6.4 ± 0.5 | NS | 6.8 ± 0.7 | 5.7 ± 0.3 | NS |
| Digit Span | 11.0 ± 0.6 | 7.9 ± 0.9 | t16 = 3.4 p < 0.005 |
9.0 ± 0.9 | 6.0 ± 1.0 | NS |
| Controlled Oral Word Association Test | 50 ± 2.8 | 26.6 ± 5.5 | t16 = 2.3 p < 0.05 |
13.3 ± 6.3 | 34.6 ± 5.3 |
F2,16 = 15.95, p < 0.001; p < 0.02 |
| Trail Marking Test A | 50.2 ± 3.0 | 41.9 ± 3.7 | NS | 37.7 ± 5.7 | 44.4 ± 4.9 | NS |
| Trail Marking Test B | 46.8 ± 6.6 | 94.0 ± 15.0 | NS | 85.6 ± 21.4 | 108.0 ± 20.0 | NS |
| Stroop 1 | 38.6 ± 1.6 | 55.9 ± 7.9 | t15 = −2.3 p < 0.05 |
43.8 ± 4.4 | 76.0 ± 14.0 |
F2,16 = 11.62 p < 0.0001; p < 0.002 |
| Stroop 2 | 83.2 ± 6.1 | 125.5 ± 17.1 | t15 = −2.4 p < 0.05 |
110.0 ± 20.8 | 151.3 ± 27.7 | NS |
| Stroop Interference | 44.7 ± 5.8 | 69.6 ± 12.6 | NS | 66.2 ± 19.6 | 75.3 ± 13.7 | NS |
| Basic Symptom Inventory- Obsessive Compulsive | 60.6 ± 1.8 | 54.0 ± 6.1 | NS | 65.8 ± 6.1 | 38.3 ± 0.3 |
F2,15 = 17.96 p < 0.001; p < 0.001 |
| Basic Symptom Inventory- Positive Symptoms Total | 54.6 ± 2.2 | 51.1 ± 5.8 | NS | 39.0 ± 9.0 | 60.3 ± 3.6 |
F2,15 = 5.47 p < 0.02; p < 0.02 |
| Basic Symptom Inventory- Positive Symptoms Distress Index | 51.8 ± 1.5 | 53.3 ± 3.0 | NS | 56.0 ± 2.0 | 49.7 ± 6.7 | NS |
| Basic Symptom Inventory- Global Severity Index | 54.2 ± 2.3 | 52.9 ± 5.5 | NS | 60.8 ± 3.6 | 42.3 ± 9.3 | NS |
| California Verbal Learning Test Total Learning Slope, Trials 1–5 | 0.4 ± 0.2 | −0.9 ± 0.5 | t14 = 3.1 p 0.01 |
0.63 ± 0.3 | −1.3 ± 0.7 | NS |
Control and mTBI patients differed significantly on processing speed index, digit span, COWAT, Stroop 1, Stroop 2 and California Verbal Learning Test. mTBI patients with a CUD <2SD differed significantly from patients >2SD on COWAT, Stroop 1, and Basic Symptom Inventory obsessive compulsive. These data suggest that impairments in select neuropsychology tests can be stratified based on CUD scores.
mTBI, mild traumatic brain injury; CUD, crossed–uncrossed difference; COWAT, Controlled Oral Word Association Test.