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. 2017 Jul 22;6(7):e003693. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.116.003693

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© 2017 The Authors. Published on behalf of the American Heart Association, Inc., by Wiley.

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution‐NonCommercial‐NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

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MT1‐MMP (membrane‐type 1 matrix metalloproteinase) limits vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation in 3‐dimensional (3‐D) organoids. A, Primary VSMCs isolated from Cre(−)Mmp14 ^F/ ^FA poe ^−/− mice and Cre(+)Mmp14 ^F/ ^FA poe ^−/− mice were cultured as a 3‐D spheroids for 48 hours and stained for Ki67 (red), nuclei (DAPI, blue), and actin (phalloidin, green). B, Quantified intensity of Ki67 staining per spheroid. n=5 to 7. *P<0.05. C, Immortalized mouse VSMCs (MOVAS) transiently transfected with small interfering RNA (siRNA) control (siControl) and MT1‐MMP siRNA (siMmp14). Ki67 (red), nuclei (blue), actin (green). D, Ki67 staining intensity per spheroid of MOVAS. **P<0.005. E, 2‐D cultured MOVAS transfected with control and MT1‐MMP siRNA. Ki67 (red), nucleus (blue), and actin (green). F, Ki67‐positive nuclei per total nuclei count.