Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Study Sample 1
| Clinical Features | Sample 1 (n=3777) | Sample 2 (n=2669) | Sample 3 (n=2208) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men (n=1747) | Women (n=2030) | Men (n=1202) | Women (n=1467) | Men (n=907) | Women (n=1301) | |
| Age, y | 40.1±837 | 40.0±8.8 | 40.2±8.5 | 40.1±8.7 | 39.3±8.6 | 39.5±8.6 |
| Systolic BP, mm Hg | 120±13 | 113±14 | 120±12 | 113±14 | 118±11 | 111±12 |
| Diastolic BP, mm Hg | 78±9 | 73±9 | 78±9 | 72±9 | 76±9 | 71±9 |
| BP ≥130/85 or treatment, % | 36 | 19 | 18.3 | 9.8 | 9.5 | 5.9 |
| Hypertension, % | 12.0 | 7.8 | 19.0 | 10.0 | 9.5 | 6.1 |
| Treatment for hypertension, % | 9.4 | 7.0 | 8.0 | 5.3 | 3.2 | 3.4 |
| BMI, kg/m² | 27.8±4.6 | 26.0±6.1 | 27.7±4.4 | 25.5±5.5 | 26.5±3.7 | 24.6±4.7 |
| BMI ≥30 kg/m², % | 25.0 | 20.1 | 23.8 | 17.9 | 13.6 | 12.8 |
| Weight, kg | 88.1±15.8 | 70.0±16.7 | 87.6±15.0 | 68.7±15.2 | 83.9±13.0 | 66.4±13.1 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 98.1±12.6 | 88.4±15.7 | 97.6±12.0 | 87.1±14.3 | 94.2±10.4 | 84.8±12.5 |
| Elevated waist circumference, %a | 32.5 | 41.4 | 31.0 | 39.0 | 17.4 | 31.7 |
| Plasma total cholesterol, mg/dL | 193±37 | 185±34 | 194±36 | 184±32 | 191±36 | 183±32 |
| Plasma triglycerides, mg/dL | 134±108 | 97±63 | 129±92 | 92±52 | 104±62 | 82±35 |
| Elevated triglycerides, %b | 29.4 | 13.0 | 27.3 | 10.7 | 12.7 | 4.3 |
| Plasma HDL‐C, mg/dL | 47±12 | 61±16 | 47±12 | 62±16 | 50±11 | 64±15 |
| Low HDL‐C, %c | 28.7 | 23.9 | 27.5 | 21.8 | 14.6 | 15.5 |
| Change in weight, kgd | NA | NA | 3±7 | 3±7 | 3±6 | 3±7 |
| Smoking, % | 15.9 | 14.3 | 15.6 | 13.4 | 15.8 | 12.2 |
| Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dL | 98±17 | 92±18 | 96±8 | 90±8 | 94±7 | 89±7 |
| Impaired fasting glucose, %e | 3.32 | 1.92 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
| HOMA‐IR | 1.4±1.2 | 1.1±0.9 | 1.3±0.9 | 1.0±0.7 | 1.0±0.5 | 0.9±0.5 |
| Biomarkers, median (quartile 1–3) | ||||||
| CRP mg/L | 0.90 (0.4–2.1) | 1.21 (0.5–3.4) | 0.88 (0.4–2.0) | 1.1 (0.4–3.2) | 0.7 (0.3–1.6) | 1.0 (0.4–2.7) |
| Leptin, ng/mL | 6.0 (2.3–7.4) | 18.0 (6.5–23.5) | 4.1 (2.4–7.1) | 11.6 (6.2–22.1) | 3.4 (2.0–5.5) | 10.2 (5.7–19.3) |
| Leptin receptor, ng/mL | 18.9 (12.7–23.5) | 19.9 (13.0–25.0) | 17.4 (11.9–22.9) | 18.3 (12.3–24.7) | 18.5 (12.3–23.6) | 18.9 (12.6–25.3) |
| Fetuin‐A, ng/mL | 442.5 (325.1–524.1) | 469.1 (337.3–570.4) | 409.3 (321.2–521.4) | 438.6 (329.1–571.2) | 408.3 (323.9–516.5) | 434.4 (325.7–571.4) |
| RBP4, ng/mL | 43.9 (39.6–49.6) | 38.2 (30.6–44.7) | 42.8 (36.9–49.4) | 36.6 (30.6–44.6) | 42.2 (36.4–48.1) | 36.1 (30.3–43.6) |
| FABP4, ng/mL | 16.6 (10.9–19.9) | 21.7 (13.2–25.9) | 14.7 (10.6–19.3) | 17.5 (12.8–24.6) | 13.2 (9.9–17.6) | 16.6 (12.3–22.2) |
| Adiponectin, μg/mL | 6.1 (3.3–7.9) | 10.9 (6.5–14.6) | 5.3 (3.4–8.0) | 10.3 (6.9–14.7) | 5.9 (3.9–8.5) | 10.7 (7.6–15.1) |
Values for clinical features are means±SD or percentages and for adipokines are median and 25%–75% interquartile range. BMI indicates body mass index; BP, blood pressure; CRP, C‐reactive protein; FABP4, fatty acid–binding protein 4; HOMA‐IR, homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance index; NA, not available; RBP4, retinol‐binding protein 4.
a
Waist circumference ≥40.2 inches (102 cm) in men, ≥34.6 inches (88 cm) in women.
b
Triglycerides ≥150 mg/dL or treatment.
c
High‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C) <40 mg/dL in men, <50 mg/dL in women.
d
Change in weight from examination 1 to examination 2.
e
Glucose ≥100 mg/dL.