Table 4.
Baseline Examination Characteristics Cross‐Classified by Weight vs MetS Category
| Clinical Features | Absence of MetS | Presence of MetS | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BMI <25 (n=1560) | MHO Participants (n=1467) | MONW Participants (n=36) | BMI ≥25 (n=714) | |
| Age, y | 38.4 | 39.8 | 43.0 | 43.7 |
| Systolic BP, mm Hg | 111 | 117 | 125 | 128 |
| Diastolic BP, mm Hg | 71 | 76 | 81 | 83 |
| BP ≥130/85 mm Hg or treatment, % | 13.0 | 20.3 | 77.8 | 74.1 |
| Hypertension, % | 13.0 | 20.3 | 77.8 | 74.1 |
| Treatment for hypertension, % | 3.5 | 3.5 | 22.2 | 17.1 |
| BMI, kg/m² | 22.2 | 29.0 | 23.5 | 32.8 |
| BMI ≥30 kg/m², % | 0 | 27.5 | 0 | 61.8 |
| Weight, kg | 63 | 85 | 68 | 98 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 80 | 98 | 90 | 110 |
| Increased waist circumference, %a | 5.4 | 48.0 | 33.3 | 85.2 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 180 | 192 | 202 | 202 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 82 | 103 | 252 | 202 |
| High triglycerides, %b | 11.1 | 20.0 | 66.7 | 72.3 |
| HDL‐C, mg/dL | 54 | 54 | 45 | 42 |
| Low HDL‐C, %c | 14.0 | 17.5 | 77.8 | 66.7 |
| Smoking, % | 14.8 | 13.1 | 22.2 | 19.2 |
| Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dL | 90 | 64 | 102 | 108 |
| Impaired fasting glucose, %d | 0.51 | 0.89 | 5.56 | 10.36 |
| Biomarkers, mean (95% CIs) | ||||
| HOMA‐IR | 0.86 | 1.16 | 1.29 | 2.21 |
| Leptin, ng/mL | 4.1 (3.7–4.5) | 16.4 (15.7–17.1) | 7.8 (5.7–9.9) | 22.8 (21.6–24.0) |
| Leptin receptor, ng/mL | 22.1 (21.5–22.6) | 18.4 (18.0–18.8) | 20.4 (18.4–22.4) | 16.5 (16.0–17.1) |
| Fetuin‐A, ng/mL | 439.4 (430.5–488.2) | 458.8 (449.4–468.2) | 455.6 (399.8–511.4) | 490.2 (476.7–503.6) |
| RBP4, ng/mL | 39.7 (39.1–40.2) | 40.6 (40.1–41.1) | 50.1 (45.1–55.1) | 43.6 (42.7–44.5) |
| FABP4, ng/mL | 13.5 (13.1–13.9) | 21.3 (20.8–21.8) | 21.7 (18.0–25.4) | 28.2 (27.2–29.3) |
| Adiponectin, μg/mL | 10.4 (10.1–10.7) | 8.2 (8.0–8.5) | 6.1 (4.9–7.4) | 5.8 (5.5–6.1) |
Values for clinical features are means or percentages, biomarkers are age and sex adjusted means with 95% CI. BMI indicate body mass index; BP, blood pressure; FABP4, fatty acid–binding protein 4; HOMA‐IR, homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance index; MetS, metabolic syndrome; MHO, metabolically healthy obese; MONW, metabolically obese, normal‐weight; RBP4, retinol‐binding protein 4.
a
Waist circumference ≥40.2 inches (102 cm) in men, ≥34.6 inches (88 cm) in women.
b
Triglycerides ≥150 mg/dL or treatment.
c
High‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C) <40 mg/dL in men, <50 mg/dL in women.
d
Glucose ≥100 mg/dL.