Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics
| Group 1: 4.0 ≤ Vmax <4.5 | Group 2: 4.5 ≤ Vmax <5.0 | Group 3: Vmax ≥5.0 | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (N=550) | (N=279) | (N=246) | ||
| Clinical characteristics | ||||
| Age, y | 78.5±9.5 | 79.5±9.9 | 81.8±9.6 | <0.001 |
| Age ≥80 ya | 267 (49) | 148 (53) | 171 (70) | <0.001 |
| Malea | 214 (39) | 89 (32) | 62 (25) | <0.001 |
| BMI <22 kg/m2 a | 328 (60) | 194 (70) | 189 (77) | <0.001 |
| BSA, m2 | 1.47±0.19 | 1.42±0.18 | 1.38±0.19 | <0.001 |
| Symptoms possibly related to AS | 186 (34) | 139 (50) | 154 (63) | <0.001 |
| Acute heart failurea | 79 (14) | 53 (19) | 71 (29) | <0.001 |
| Hypertensiona | 385 (70) | 193 (69) | 160 (65) | 0.37 |
| Current smokinga | 37 (6.7) | 13 (4.7) | 12 (4.9) | 0.38 |
| Dyslipidemia | 178 (32) | 75 (27) | 57 (23) | 0.02 |
| On statin therapy | 122 (22) | 61 (22) | 38 (15) | 0.08 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 120 (22) | 45 (16) | 22 (8.9) | <0.001 |
| On insulin therapya | 23 (4.2) | 11 (3.9) | 2 (0.8) | 0.04 |
| Past myocardial infarctiona | 27 (4.9) | 10 (3.6) | 7 (2.9) | 0.35 |
| Past PCI | 58 (11) | 22 (7.9) | 9 (3.7) | 0.005 |
| Past CABG | 18 (3.3) | 8 (2.9) | 3 (1.2) | 0.25 |
| Past open heart surgery | 37 (6.7) | 22 (7.9) | 5 (2.0) | 0.01 |
| Past symptomatic strokea | 70 (13) | 33 (12) | 28 (12) | 0.85 |
| Atrial fibrillation or fluttera | 108 (20) | 50 (18) | 45 (18) | 0.81 |
| Aortic/peripheral vascular diseasea | 33 (6.0) | 11 (3.9) | 10 (4.1) | 0.32 |
| Serum creatinine, mg/dL | 0.9 (0.7–1.3) | 0.9 (0.7–1.3) | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | 0.70 |
| Hemodialysisa | 52 (9.5) | 25 (9.0) | 15 (6.1) | 0.28 |
| Anemiaa | 298 (54) | 153 (55) | 154 (63) | 0.07 |
| Liver cirrhosis (Child‐Pugh B or C)a | 6 (1.1) | 3 (1.1) | 5 (2.0) | 0.56 |
| Malignancy currently under treatmenta | 20 (3.6) | 19 (6.8) | 11 (4.5) | 0.12 |
| Chronic lung disease (moderate or severe)a | 13 (2.4) | 19 (6.8) | 10 (4.1) | 0.0008 |
| Coronary artery disease | 119 (22) | 48 (17) | 32 (13) | 0.01 |
| Logistic EuroSCORE, % | 8.5 (5.5–14.4) | 10.4 (5.5–16.1) | 11.8 (7.9–17.2) | <0.001 |
| EuroSCORE II, % | 2.6 (1.6–3.9) | 3.1 (1.8–4.8) | 3.6 (2.3–5.2) | <0.001 |
| STS score (PROM), % | 3.6 (2.2–5.9) | 4.4 (2.4–6.8) | 4.3 (2.6–7.7) | 0.003 |
| Etiology of aortic stenosis | 0.79 | |||
| Degenerative | 497 (90) | 247 (89) | 221 (90) | |
| Congenital | 27 (4.9) | 17 (6.1) | 15 (6.1) | |
| Rheumatic | 24 (3.9) | 11 (3.6) | 8 (3.0) | |
| Infective endocarditis | 0 (0) | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0) | |
| Other | 3 (0.6) | 3 (1.1) | 2 (0.8) | |
| Echocardiographic variables | ||||
| Vmax, m/s | 4.2±0.1 | 4.7±0.1 | 5.5±0.4 | <0.001 |
| Peak aortic PG, mm Hg | 71±5 | 89±5 | 120±19 | <0.001 |
| Mean aortic PG, mm Hg | 41±5 | 51±6 | 71±14 | <0.001 |
| AVA (equation of continuity), cm2 | 0.77±0.18 | 0.67±0.19 | 0.54±0.16 | <0.001 |
| AVA index, cm2/m2 | 0.53±0.12 | 0.47±0.12 | 0.39±0.10 | <0.001 |
| LV end‐diastolic diameter, mm | 45±7 | 44±6 | 44±7 | 0.18 |
| LV end‐systolic diameter, mm | 28±6 | 28±5 | 28±6 | 0.75 |
| LVEF, % | 68.0±8.2 | 67.4±8.1 | 67.8±8.9 | 0.62 |
| IVST in diastole, mm | 11±2 | 12±2 | 13±2 | <0.001 |
| PWT in diastole, mm | 11±2 | 12±2 | 12±2 | <0.001 |
| LV mass, ga | 182±57 | 189±53 | 205±58 | <0.001 |
| LV hypertrophy | 313 (70) | 175 (80) | 178 (93) | <0.001 |
| Any combined valvular disease (moderate or severe)a | 196 (36) | 122 (44) | 132 (54) | <0.001 |
| Moderate or severe AR | 108 (20) | 68 (24) | 73 (30) | 0.008 |
| Moderate or severe MS | 11 (2.0) | 9 (3.2) | 11 (4.5) | 0.14 |
| Moderate or severe MR | 86 (16) | 49 (18) | 66 (27) | <0.001 |
| Moderate or severe TR | 70 (13) | 44 (16) | 45 (18) | 0.11 |
| TR pressure gradient ≥40 mm Hga | 64 (12) | 53 (19) | 64 (26) | <0.001 |
We present the categorical variables as number (%), and the continuous variables as mean±SD, or median with interquartile range. AR indicates aortic regurgitation; AVA, aortic valve area; BMI, body mass index; BSA, body surface area; CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; IVST, interventricular septum thickness; LV, left ventricular; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; MR, mitral regurgitation; MS, mitral stenosis; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; PG, pressure gradient; PROM, predicted risk of mortality; PWT, posterior wall thickness; STS, Society of Thoracic Surgeons; TR, tricuspid regurgitation; Vmax, peak aortic jet velocity.
Risk‐adjusting variables selected for the multivariable Cox proportional hazards models.