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. 2017 Jun 29;6(7):e005710. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.117.005710

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© 2017 The Authors. Published on behalf of the American Heart Association, Inc., by Wiley.

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution‐NonCommercial‐NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

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Illustration of the physiopathological meaning of coronary flow velocity in the distal left anterior descending artery (LAD) by transthoracic echocardiography: coronary flow reserve is the ratio between hyperemic and resting coronary flow velocities. In the absence of hemodynamically significant LAD stenosis, coronary flow reserve reflects the function of coronary microcirculation. In the presence of coronary microvascular dysfunction, resting coronary flow velocity of the distal LAD is increased. Left panel, schema illustrating that echo‐Doppler sampling of distal LAD is just upstream coronary microcirculation. Right panel, the real sampling of distal LAD by transthoracic Doppler echo.