Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of the AF and AFL Groups Before and After Propensity Score Matching
| Variables | All Patients | Propensity Score Matched | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AFL (n=6239) | AF (n=175 420) | P Value | AF (n=24 956) | P Value | |
| Age (y), mean±SD | 66.4±16.6 | 71.8±13.9 | <0.001 | ||
| Age group | <0.001 | 0.786 | |||
| <65 y | 2512 (40.3) | 47 862 (27.3) | 10 038 (40.2) | ||
| 65 to 74 y | 1505 (24.1) | 42 912 (24.5) | 6117 (24.5) | ||
| ≥75 y | 2222 (35.6) | 84 646 (48.3) | 8801 (35.3) | ||
| Sex | <0.001 | 0.917 | |||
| Male | 3747 (60.1) | 98 830 (56.3) | 14 970 (60.0) | ||
| Female | 2492 (39.9) | 76 590 (43.7) | 9986 (40.0) | ||
| Comorbidities | |||||
| Hypertension | 3140 (50.3) | 96 575 (55.1) | <0.001 | 12 462 (49.9) | 0.579 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 970 (15.5) | 28 655 (16.3) | 0.098 | 3804 (15.2) | 0.550 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 1786 (28.6) | 56 742 (32.3) | <0.001 | 7002 (28.1) | 0.372 |
| Dyslipidemia | 736 (11.8) | 19 230 (11.0) | 0.038 | 2960 (11.9) | 0.889 |
| Gout | 546 (8.8) | 15 973 (9.1) | 0.339 | 2212 (8.9) | 0.780 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 985 (15.8) | 31 787 (18.1) | <0.001 | 3858 (15.5) | 0.522 |
| Peripheral arterial disease | 149 (2.4) | 4072 (2.3) | 0.730 | 602 (2.4) | 0.912 |
| Renal status | 0.357 | 0.725 | |||
| Nonchronic kidney disease | 5487 (87.9) | 154 347 (88.0) | 21 987 (88.1) | ||
| Chronic kidney disease without dialysis | 597 (9.6) | 17 165 (9.8) | 2321 (9.3) | ||
| Chronic kidney disease with dialysis | 155 (2.5) | 3908 (2.2) | 648 (2.6) | ||
| Immune disease | 117 (1.9) | 3006 (1.7) | 0.334 | 478 (1.9) | 0.836 |
| Abnormal liver function | 740 (11.9) | 19 376 (11.0) | 0.044 | 2872 (11.5) | 0.436 |
| Malignancy | 543 (8.7) | 14 109 (8.0) | 0.060 | 2117 (8.5) | 0.577 |
| History of disease | |||||
| Myocardial infarction | 172 (2.8) | 4241 (2.4) | 0.087 | 667 (2.7) | 0.713 |
| Medications | |||||
| Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin II receptor blockers | 1855 (29.7) | 63 709 (36.3) | <0.001 | 7281 (29.2) | 0.387 |
| Calcium channel blockers | 1333 (21.4) | 41 953 (23.9) | <0.001 | 5360 (21.5) | 0.847 |
| β‐Blockers | 2170 (34.8) | 57 140 (32.6) | <0.001 | 8790 (35.2) | 0.514 |
| Digoxin | 584 (9.4) | 28 882 (16.5) | <0.001 | 2427 (9.7) | 0.383 |
| Diuretics | 736 (11.8) | 28 786 (16.4) | <0.001 | 3022 (12.1) | 0.498 |
| Spironolactone | 193 (3.1) | 7985 (4.6) | <0.001 | 822 (3.3) | 0.425 |
| Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors | 106 (1.7) | 3190 (1.8) | 0.487 | 423 (1.7) | 0.983 |
| Statins | 657 (10.5) | 18 124 (10.3) | 0.612 | 2640 (10.6) | 0.912 |
| Biguanides | 535 (8.6) | 15 610 (8.9) | 0.377 | 2047 (8.2) | 0.339 |
| Sulfonylurea | 562 (9.0) | 16 416 (9.4) | 0.350 | 2164 (8.7) | 0.400 |
| Thiazolidinedione | 88 (1.4) | 2176 (1.2) | 0.234 | 322 (1.3) | 0.456 |
| Insulin | 128 (2.1) | 4195 (2.4) | 0.084 | 511 (2.0) | 0.984 |
| Antiarrhythmic drugs | |||||
| Amiodarone/dronedarone | 871 (14.0) | 27 592 (15.7) | <0.001 | 3486 (14.0) | 0.987 |
| Propafenone | 385 (6.2) | 11 518 (6.6) | 0.215 | 1530 (6.1) | 0.906 |
| Sotalol | 17 (0.3) | 219 (0.1) | 0.001 | 59 (0.2) | 0.605 |
| Flecainide | 15 (0.2) | 204 (0.1) | 0.005 | 62 (0.2) | 0.909 |
| Antiplatelet medication | 1867 (29.9) | 74 750 (42.6) | <0.001 | 7477 (30.0) | 0.956 |
| Clinical outcomes at the end of follow‐up | |||||
| Ischemic stroke | 242 (3.9) | 13 231 (7.5) | <0.001 | 1541 (6.2) | |
| Heart failure hospitalization | 193 (3.1) | 12 073 (6.9) | <0.001 | 1285 (5.1) | |
| All‐cause mortality | 2182 (35.0) | 74 278 (42.3) | <0.001 | 9319 (37.3) | |
Data are presented as mean±SD or number (percentage). AF indicates atrial fibrillation; AFL, atrial flutter.