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. 2017 Aug 4;6(8):e005506. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.117.005506

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© 2017 The Authors. Published on behalf of the American Heart Association, Inc., by Wiley.

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution‐NonCommercial License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.

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Impact of fetal mTORC1 inhibition on a mouse model of prenatal compensatory cardiac growth. A, Western blots illustrating the phosphorylation status of S6K1 and S6 ribosomal protein revealed enhanced mTORC1 activity in neonatal (P1) cHccs ^+/− hearts compared to littermate controls (densitometric quantification for S6K1: Hccs ^+/+ n=15, cHccs ^+/− n=14, for S6: n=6 per group). B, Body weight (BW) of rapamycin‐treated neonates was significantly reduced compared to vehicle‐treated animals, but no difference was observed between genotypes. Rapamycin‐treated Hccs ^+/+ and cHccs ^+/− neonates demonstrated similar reductions in heart weight (HW) and HW/BW ratio compared to vehicle‐treated animals. Note that the reduced HW and HW/BW ratio in cHccs ^+/− compared to Hccs ^+/+ newborns reported previously12 persisted after prenatal mTORC1 inhibition (vehicle groups n=9, rapamycin groups n=10). C, Quantification of Ki67‐positive nuclei revealed unchanged proliferation rates within the LV myocardium of vehicle‐ and rapamycin‐treated hearts and between genotypes (vehicle groups n=6, rapamycin Hccs ^+/+ n=12, rapamycin cHccs ^+/− n=13). D, Quantification of TUNEL‐positive nuclei revealed significantly increased apoptosis in hearts after prenatal mTORC1 inhibition, with apoptosis in rapamycin‐treated cHccs ^+/− hearts being significantly higher than in rapamycin‐treated Hccs ^+/+ controls (vehicle Hccs ^+/+ n=4, all other groups n=6). E, Prenatal rapamycin treatment significantly reduced cardiomyocyte cross‐sectional area (CSA) in both genotypes, and CSA in rapamycin‐treated cHccs ^+/− hearts was significantly smaller compared to rapamycin‐treated Hccs ^+/+ controls (vehicle groups n=5, rapamycin groups n=3). B through E, Note that data used for Hccs ^+/+ animals are the same as depicted in Figures 2 and 3, respectively. (*P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001; ^§§§ P<0.001 vs vehicle Hccs ^+/+; ^## P<0.01, ^### P<0.001 vs vehicle cHccs ^+/−). mTORC1 indicates mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1; TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling.