Table 2.
Covariates Independently Associated With Self‐Reported Health in a Model Adjusting for All Other Covariates
| Variables | Contrast | OR (95% CI) | Overall P Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||
| Age at randomization, y | 1.080 (1.006–1.159)† | 0.0330 | |
| Sex | Female vs male | 1.175 (0.989–1.395) | 0.0664 |
| Geographic region | Asia/Pacific vs North America | 4.795 (4.142–5.549) | <0.0001 |
| Eastern Europe vs North America | 3.015 (2.651–3.427) | ||
| South America vs North America | 0.866 (0.732–1.025) | ||
| Western Europe vs North America | 1.647 (1.477–1.837) | ||
| Psychosocial measures | |||
| Depressed mood | Often/always vs never/rarely | 2.214 (1.897–2.583) | <0.0001 |
| Sometimes vs never/rarely | 1.408 (1.292–1.535) | ||
| Lost interest in hobbies | Often/always vs never/rarely | 2.625 (2.270–3.036) | <0.0001 |
| Sometimes vs never/rarely | 1.502 (1.378–1.638) | ||
| Financial stress | Often/always vs never/rarely | 1.455 (1.287–1.645) | <0.0001 |
| Sometimes vs never/rarely | 1.150 (1.054–1.255) | ||
| Lives alone | Yes vs no | 1.009 (0.905–1.126) | 0.8676 |
| Stress at work or at home | Often/always vs never/rarely | 1.222 (1.081–1.382) | 0.0024 |
| Sometimes vs never/rarely | 1.136 (1.040–1.242) | ||
| Years of education | 9–12 vs <8 y | 0.873 (0.783–0.974) | <0.0001 |
| Trade school vs <8 y | 0.968 (0.856–1.094) | ||
| College/university vs <8 y | 0.785 (0.700–0.881) | ||
| Lifestyle risk factors | |||
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 1.028 (1.019–1.037)* | <0.0001 | |
| Smoking status | Current smoker vs never/former smoker | 1.285 (1.153–1.432) | <0.0001 |
| Mediterranean diet score | 0.959 (0.947–0.972)* | <0.0001 | |
| Physical activity, MET h/wk | 0.916 (0.901–0.931)§ | <0.0001 | |
| Cardiac rehabilitation | Yes vs no | 0.962 (0.888–1.043) | 0.3514 |
| Disease markers | |||
| Diagnosis of hypertension | Yes vs no | 1.285 (1.181–1.399) | <0.0001 |
| Congestive heart failure at baseline | Yes vs no | 1.141 (1.001–1.301) | 0.0481 |
| Significant renal dysfunction | Yes vs no | 1.061 (0.965–1.165) | 0.2194 |
| Prior myocardial infarction | Yes vs no | 0.895 (0.825–0.971) | 0.0076 |
| Prior coronary revascularization (PCI or CABG) | Yes vs no | 0.876 (0.797–0.962) | 0.0055 |
| Prior multivessel chronic heart disease | Yes vs no | 1.228 (1.098–1.372) | 0.0003 |
| Diabetes mellitus | Yes vs no | 1.229 (1.128–1.338) | <0.0001 |
| Polyvascular disease | Yes vs no | 1.272 (1.144–1.415) | <0.0001 |
| Tooth loss | ≤25 vs 26–32 (all) teeth | 1.387 (1.262–1.524) | <0.0001 |
| NYHA functional class | Class II,III, or IV vs no class/class I | 1.554 (1.337–1.806) | <0.0001 |
| Biomarkers | |||
| LDL‐C, mmol/L | 1.092 (1.040–1.146)‡ | 0.0004 | |
| HDL‐C, mmol/L | 0.939 (0.898–0.982)‡ | 0.0062 | |
| Hemoglobin, g/L | 0.951 (0.909–0.995)‡ | 0.0307 | |
| High‐sensitivity troponin T, ng/L | 1.081 (1.026–1.140)‡ | 0.0036 | |
| Interleukin 6, ng/L | 1.070 (1.023–1.119)‡ | 0.0033 | |
| GDF‐15, ng/L | 1.070 (1.017–1.124)‡ | 0.0083 | |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 1.050 (0.995–1.109)‡ | 0.0767 | |
| eGFR (CKD‐EPI), mL/min/1.73 m2 | 1.117 (0.971–1.286)‡ | 0.1219 | |
| Creatinine | 1.131 (0.979–1.307)‡ | 0.0949 | |
| White blood cell count (1×109/L) | 0.988 (0.949–1.028)‡ | 0.5541 | |
| High‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein, mg/L | 1.009 (0.967–1.053)‡ | 0.6678 | |
| NT‐proBNP, ng/L | 1.049 (0.995–1.105)‡ | 0.0750 | |
| Cystatin C, ng/L | 0.943 (0.885–1.006)‡ | 0.0750 | |
| Lp‐PLA2 activity, μmol/min/L | 0.965 (0.918–1.013)‡ | 0.1506 | |
CABG indicates coronary artery bypass grafting; CI, confidence interval; CKD‐EPI, Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; GDF‐15, growth differentiation factor‐15; HDL‐C, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL‐C, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; LpPLA2, lipoprotein‐associated phospholipase A2; MET, metabolic equivalent; NT‐proBNP, N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide; NYHA, New York Heart Association; OR, odds ratio; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention.
OR for 1‐category decrease in self‐reported health category: *OR based on 1‐U increase, †OR based on 10‐U increase, ‡OR based on 1‐SD increase, §OR based on 50% increase.