Table 1.
Demographic, EAT, and HRP Parameters of Included Studies
| Study | EAT Method | Population | N | EAT Value | HRP Proportions |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lu et al21 | EAT‐v (CACS) | Suspected ACS | 467 |
Median EAT: 108.5 cm3 (IQR: 76.4–140.6 cm3) With HRP: 123 cm3 (IQR: 93–156 cm3) Without HRP: 98 cm3 (IQR: 68–127 cm3) |
HRP in 167 (36%) patients; NRS in 15%; PR in 32.3%; LAP in 23.4%; SpC: in 91% |
| Schlett et al22 | EAT‐v (CTCA) | Suspected ACS | 358 |
Median EAT: 95.2 cm3 (IQR: 66–130.1) With HRP: 151.9 cm3 (IQR: 109.0–179.4) Without HRP: 110 cm3 (IQR: 81.5–137.4) |
Any HRP in 13 (4%) patients |
| Rajani et al24 | EAT‐v (CACS) | Suspected CAD | 402 |
Mean EAT: 103±51 cm3
With any HRP: 116±53 cm3 Without HRP: 99±57 cm3 |
Any HRP in 113 (59%) patients; LAP in 67 (35%); PR in 93 (48%) |
| Oka et al23 | EAT‐v (CACS) | Suspected CAD | 357 | Mean EAT: 125±44 mL; EAT analysis threshold of 100 mL |
87 (24%) with all 3 HRPs LAP: EAT <100 mL: 52%; EAT ≥100 mL: 27% PR: EAT <100 mL: 58%; EAT ≥100 mL: 37% LAP with or without PR: EAT <100 mL: 46%; EAT ≥100 mL: 25% |
| Ito et al25 | EAT‐v (CACS) | Suspected CAD (symptomatic) with CACS 0 | 1308 |
Mean EAT: 98.1±41.3 cm3
With HRP: 133±40.2 cm3 Without HRP: 95.1±40.3 cm3 |
Any HRP in 63 (5%) patients |
| Nakanishi et al26 | EAT‐v (CTCA) | Suspected CAD in patients with CKD | 275 |
Mean EAT: CKD: 111±41 mL (n=110) No CKD: 81±29 mL (n=165) |
Any HRP in 44 (16%) patients |
| Ito et al29 | EAT‐v (CTCA) | Scheduled for PCI and underwent CT in addition to OCT | 117 (244 plaques) |
EAT‐v Tertiles: T1: <104.1 cm3 (n=39) T2: 104.1 to 130.7 cm3 (n=39) T3: >130.7 cm3 (n=39) |
Total TCFA: 51 (21%) plaques T1: Single TCFA n=6 (15%); Multiple TCFA n=1 (3%) T2: Single TCFA n=7 (18%); Multiple TCFA n=3 (8%) T3: Single TCFA n=12 (31%); Multiple TCFA n=8 (21%) Minimum fibrous cap thickness: T1: 102.7±69.2 μm; T2: 102.5±56.5 μm; T3: 78.2±43.9 μm Maximal lipid arc: T1: >2 quadrants, 13 (33%); T2: >2 quadrants, 14 (36%); T3: >2 quadrants, 25 (64%) CT characteristics: T1: LAP, 4 (10%); PR, 8 (21%) T2: LAP, 14 (36%); PR, 13 (33%) T3: LAP, 16 (41%); PR, 21 (54%) |
| Park et al28 | EAT‐t (Echo) | Angiographically significant CAD undergoing PCI with or without IVUS | 82 |
Mean EAT‐t: 3.4±2.2 mm EAT‐t 3.5 mm threshold: EAT <3.5 mm (n=21); EAT ≥3.5 mm (n=39) |
TCFA (n): EAT <3.5 mm: 3.3±2.2; EAT ≥3.5 mm: 2.1±1.6 Mean volume index necrotic core (mm3/mm): EAT <3.5 mm: 0.3±0.2; EAT ≥3.5 mm: 0.6±0.4 Plaque volume (mm3): EAT <3.5 mm: 1360.1±492.1; EAT ≥3.5 mm: 1048.5±398.2 |
| Tachibana et al27 | EAT‐t (Echo) | Suspected CAD | 406 | EAT‐t 5.8 mm threshold: EAT ≥5.8 mm (n=238); EAT <5.8 mm (n=168) |
HRP in 45 (11%) patients LAP: EAT <5.8 mm: 4%; EAT ≥5.8 mm: 24% PR: EAT <5.8 mm: 39%; EAT ≥5.8 mm: 60% LAP+PR: EAT <5.8 mm: 3%; EAT ≥5.8 mm: 17% |
ACS indicates acute coronary syndrome; CACS, coronary artery calcium score (noncontrast computed tomography); CAD, coronary artery disease; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CT, computed tomography; CTCA, computed tomography coronary angiography; EAT, epicardial adipose tissue; EAT‐t, epicardial adipose tissue thickness; EAT‐v, epicardial adipose tissue volume; HRP, high‐risk plaque; IQR, interquartile range; IVUS, intravascular ultrasound; LAP, low‐attenuation plaque; NRS, napkin ring sign; OCT, optical coherence tomography; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; PR, positive remodeling; SpC, spotty calcification; T, tertile; TCFA, thin‐cap fibroatheroma.