Table 1.
Characteristics of Study Patients Taking Dabigatran (150 mg Twice Daily), Rivaroxaban (20 mg Once Daily), or Warfarin (Before Propensity Matching)
| Women | Men | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dabigatran | Rivaroxaban | Warfarin | P Value | Dabigatran | Rivaroxaban | Warfarin | P Value | |
| Number of patients | 11 239 | 11 571 | 58 327 | 10 740 | 11 606 | 43 388 | ||
| Mean age, y (SD) | 76.9 (6.6) | 76.6 (6.6) | 79.6 (7.2) | <0.001 | 74.7 (5.9) | 74.9 (6.0) | 76.9 (6.8) | <0.001 |
| Number (%) >85 y | 1599 (14.2%) | 1565 (13.5%) | 16 048 (27.5%) | <0.001 | 749 (6.9%) | 906 (7.8%) | 6779 (15.6%) | <0.001 |
| Race | ||||||||
| White, % | 9874 (87.9%) | 10 342 (89.4%) | 50 357 (86.3%) | <0.001 | 9849 (91.7%) | 10 677 (92.0%) | 38 187 (88.0%) | <0.001 |
| Black, % | 495 (4.4%) | 460 (3.9%) | 3525 (6.04%) | 273 (2.5%) | 284 (2.4%) | 1895 (4.4%) | ||
| Hispanic, % | 496 (4.4%) | 492 (4.3%) | 2839 (4.9%) | 328 (3.1%) | 359 (3.1%) | 1850 (4.3%) | ||
| Other, % | 374 (3.3%) | 277 (2.4%) | 1606 (2.8%) | 290 (2.7%) | 286 (2.5%) | 1456 (3.4%) | ||
| Comorbid conditions | ||||||||
| Heart failure | 2777 (24.7%) | 2682 (23.2%) | 21 753 (37.3%) | <0.001 | 2533 (23.6%) | 2723 (23.5%) | 15 945 (36.8%) | <0.001 |
| Cardiomyopathy | 570 (5.1%) | 636 (5.5%) | 4536 (7.8%) | <0.001 | 898 (8.4%) | 1037 (8.9%) | 5216 (12.0%) | <0.001 |
| Other dysrhythmia | 3676 (32.7%) | 3940 (34.1%) | 20 690 (35.5%) | <0.001 | 3457 (32.2%) | 3798 (32.7%) | 15 799 (36.4%) | <0.001 |
| Implantable device | 415 (3.7%) | 468 (4.0%) | 2874 (4.9%) | <0.001 | 621 (5.8%) | 814 (7.0%) | 3868 (8.9%) | <0.001 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 2042 (18.2%) | 2088 (18.1%) | 14 262 (24.5%) | <0.001 | 2014 (18.8%) | 2247 (19.4%) | 11 245 (25.9%) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 9614 (85.5%) | 9945 (85.9%) | 51 394 (88.1%) | <0.001 | 8785 (81.8%) | 9603 (82.7%) | 36 058 (83.1%) | 0.005 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 3554 (31.6%) | 3521 (30.4%) | 20 892 (35.8%) | <0.001 | 3640 (33.9%) | 3947 (34.0%) | 17 148 (39.5%) | <0.001 |
| Renal disease | 945 (8.4%) | 868 (7.5%) | 12 116 (20.8%) | <0.001 | 1032 (9.6%) | 1000 (8.6%) | 10 361 (23.8%) | <0.001 |
| Liver disease | 462 (4.1%) | 489 (4.2%) | 2751 (4.7%) | 0.003 | 399 (3.7%) | 458 (3.9%) | 2105 (4.8%) | <0.001 |
| Stroke or transient ischemic attack | 1523 (13.6%) | 1443 (12.5%) | 10 364 (17.8%) | <0.001 | 1115 (10.4%) | 1236 (10.7%) | 6609 (15.2%) | <0.001 |
| Previous major bleeding | ||||||||
| Intracranial | 56 (0.5%) | 56 (0.5%) | 511 (0.88%) | <0.001 | 45 (0.42%) | 46 (0.40%) | 368 (0.85%) | <0.001 |
| Gastrointestinal | 3125 (27.8%) | 3378 (29.2%) | 18 336 (31.4%) | <0.001 | 2452 (22.8%) | 2621 (22.6%) | 11 006 (25.4%) | <0.001 |
| Comorbidity Scores | ||||||||
| Gagne Score | 3.1 (2.2) | 3.0 (2.2) | 4.2 (2.8) | <0.001 | 2.9 (2.2) | 2.9 (2.2) | 4.2 (2.9) | <0.001 |
| CHADS2‐VascScore | 4.9 (1.5) | 4.8 (1.5) | 5.4 (1.6) | <0.001 | 3.7 (1.6) | 3.8 (1.6) | 4.3 (1.7) | <0.001 |
| HAS‐BLED Score | 1.7 | 1.6 | 1.8 | <0.001 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.9 | <0.001 |
| Medications in prior 90 days | ||||||||
| Statin | 4804 (42.7%) | 4844 (41.9%) | 24 436 (41.9%) | 0.234 | 5038 (46.9%) | 5555 (47.9%) | 19 564 (45.1%) | <0.001 |
| Antiplatelet | 523 (4.7%) | 486 (4.2%) | 3295 (5.7%) | <0.001 | 551 (5.1%) | 650 (5.6%) | 3157 (7.3%) | <0.001 |
| Proton pump inhibitors | 2482 (22.1%) | 2593 (22.4%) | 14 072 (24.1%) | <0.001 | 1884 (17.5%) | 2093 (18.0%) | 8045 (18.5%) | 0.041 |
| NSAID | 1741 (15.5%) | 1691 (14.6%) | 7416 (12.7%) | <0.001 | 1192 (11.1%) | 1279 (11.0%) | 4251 (9.8%) | <0.001 |
| Prior health services utilization | ||||||||
| Inpatient hospital days | 2.7 | 2.7 | 5.3 | <0.001 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 4.5 | <0.001 |
| Number of prescriptions | 9.6 | 9.6 | 10.3 | <0.001 | 8.3 | 8.3 | 9.0 | <0.001 |
| Skilled nursing facility | 577 (5.1%) | 562 (4.9%) | 6534 (11.2%) | <0.001 | 269 (2.3%) | 278 (2.6%) | 2920 (6.7%) | <0.001 |
| AF diagnosed in inpatient setting | 5147 (45.8%) | 5004 (43.3%) | 31 444 (53.9%) | <0.001 | 5015 (46.7%) | 4886 (42.1%) | 23 559 (54.3%) | <0.001 |
AF indicates atrial fibrillation; CHA2DS2‐VASc, 1 point each for congestive heart failure diagnosis, female sex, hypertension diagnosis, diabetes mellitus diagnosis, age 65 to 75 years, and vascular disease diagnosis; 2 points each for age >75 years and prior stroke or transient ischemic attack; HAS‐BLED, 1 point each for hypertension diagnosis, renal disease, liver disease, stroke history, prior major bleeding, labile international normalized ratio, age >65 years, medication use predisposing to bleeding and alcohol or drug use history; NSAID, nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs.