Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Subjects
| Factor | Total (N=144 271) | Group 1 (N=29 507) | Group 2 (N=22 382) | Group 3 (N=13 656) | Group 4 (N=21 270) | Group 5 (N=13 999) | Group 6 (N=18 337) | Group 7 (N=11 659) | Group 8 (N=13 461) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic, % (n) | ||||||||||
| Male | 47.4% (68 360) | 46.0% (13 559) | 45.2% (10 122) | 45.2% (6175) | 50.2% (10 677) | 43.3% (6063) | 51.7% (9474) | 48.8% (5694) | 49.0% (6596) | <0.001a |
| Age (mean±SD), y | 61.63±10.02 (144 271) | 60.91±10.05 (29 507) | 63.62±9.72 (22 382) | 58.59±9.86 (13 656) | 61.63±10.00 (21 270) | 61.05±9.84 (13 999) | 64.26±9.56 (18 337) | 59.42±9.94 (11 659) | 61.86±9.89 (13 461) | <0.001a |
| Smoker | 11.7% (16 884) | 12.4% (3654) | 9.2% (2055) | 16.0% (2182) | 12.0% (2546) | 10.5% (1467) | 9.4% (1730) | 15.5% (1805) | 10.7% (1446) | <0.001a |
| Laboratory results, mean±SD | ||||||||||
| TC/HDL‐C ratio | 4.32±1.25 (144 271) | 4.80±1.23 (29 507) | 4.60±1.22 (22 382) | 4.69±1.29 (13 656) | 4.01±1.15 (21 270) | 4.51±1.18 (13 999) | 3.84±1.13 (18 337) | 3.91±1.10 (11 659) | 3.77±1.07 (13 461) | <0.001a |
| Triglyceride, mmol/L | 1.62±0.91 (144 271) | 1.72±0.91 (29 507) | 1.58±0.81 (22 382) | 1.61±0.84 (13 656) | 1.71±1.05 (21 270) | 1.51±0.78 (13 999) | 1.56±0.92 (18 337) | 1.60±1.02 (11 659) | 1.49±0.89 (13 461) | <0.001a |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 25.60±3.92 (144 271) | 26.13±4.03 (29 507) | 25.84±3.89 (22 382) | 24.91±3.69 (13 656) | 26.11±4.12 (21 270) | 24.93±3.69 (13 999) | 25.80±3.93 (18 337) | 24.91±3.79 (11 659) | 24.93±3.77 (13 461) | <0.001a |
| Urine ACR, mg/mmol | 7.14±55.71 (144 271) | 9.46±44.27 (29 507) | 7.75±38.34 (22 382) | 5.59±51.78 (13 656) | 8.09±37.27 (21 270) | 5.18±28.64 (13 999) | 7.26±40.46 (18 337) | 5.14±28.42 (11 659) | 4.74±31.79 (13 461) | <0.001a |
| Follow‐up measurements, mean±SD | ||||||||||
| Number of HbA1c | 4.98±1.26 (144 271) | 4.88±1.41 (29 507) | 4.77±1.37 (22 382) | 5.05±1.27 (13 656) | 5.15±1.16 (21 270) | 4.91±1.25 (13 999) | 4.97±1.17 (18 337) | 5.24±1.06 (11 659) | 5.05±1.09 (13 461) | <0.001a |
| Mean HbA1c, % | 7.21±0.99 (144 271) | 7.95±0.97 (29 507) | 6.48±0.38 (22 382) | 7.86±0.93 (13 656) | 7.83±0.80 (21 270) | 6.46±0.39 (13 999) | 6.47±0.40 (18 337) | 7.74±0.79 (11 659) | 6.44±0.41 (13 461) | <0.001a |
| Mean HbA1c, mmol/mol | 55.24±10.87 (144 271) | 63.43±10.64 (29 507) | 47.31±4.19 (22 382) | 62.37±10.20 (13 656) | 62.03±8.77 (21 270) | 47.08±4.26 (13 999) | 47.20±4.33 (18 337) | 61.11±8.64 (11 659) | 46.90±4.49 (13 461) | <0.001a |
| Number of BP | 5.32±1.23 (144 271) | 5.13±1.42 (29 507) | 5.26±1.32 (22 382) | 5.32±1.26 (13 656) | 5.35±1.19 (21 270) | 5.41±1.16 (13 999) | 5.41±1.11 (18 337) | 5.46±1.03 (11 659) | 5.48±1.01 (13 461) | <0.001a |
| Mean SBP, mm Hg | 132.52±11.41 (144 271) | 139.70±9.39 (29 507) | 138.65±8.45 (22 382) | 121.55±6.52 (13 656) | 138.46±8.45 (21 270) | 121.62±6.48 (13 999) | 137.71±7.83 (18 337) | 121.82±6.39 (11 659) | 121.87±6.29 (13 461) | <0.001a |
| Mean DBP, mm Hg | 74.14±7.57 (144 271) | 77.34±7.65 (29 507) | 75.59±7.71 (22 382) | 70.90±5.56 (13 656) | 76.65±7.39 (21 270) | 70.06±5.88 (13 999) | 75.10±7.52 (18 337) | 70.78±5.68 (11 659) | 69.86±5.87 (13 461) | <0.001a |
| Number of LDL‐C | 4.74±1.29 (144 271) | 4.57±1.43 (29 507) | 4.65±1.38 (22 382) | 4.77±1.31 (13 656) | 4.79±1.21 (21 270) | 4.81±1.26 (13 999) | 4.79±1.20 (18 337) | 4.89±1.12 (11 659) | 4.90±1.13 (13 461) | <0.001a |
| Mean LDL‐C, mmol/L | 2.71±0.59 (144 271) | 3.15±0.48 (29 507) | 3.11±0.44 (22 382) | 3.10±0.44 (13 656) | 2.23±0.30 (21 270) | 3.06±0.41 (13 999) | 2.22±0.31 (18 337) | 2.23±0.30 (11 659) | 2.22±0.31 (13 461) | <0.001a |
| Clinical characteristics, % (n) | ||||||||||
| Duration of T2DM, y | 6.22±6.33 (144 271) | 6.97±6.77 (29 507) | 4.95±5.62 (22 382) | 6.56±6.29 (13 656) | 7.82±6.89 (21 270) | 4.78±5.51 (13 999) | 5.45±6.00 (18 337) | 7.38±6.62 (11 659) | 5.32±5.67 (13 461) | <0.001a |
| Treated hypertension | 67.3% (97 104) | 70.3% (20 739) | 79.3% (17 746) | 43.3% (5914) | 73.1% (15 555) | 58.8% (8226) | 80.4% (14 735) | 49.3% (5744) | 62.7% (8445) | <0.001a |
| Family history of DM | 43.6% (62 940) | 45.7% (13 481) | 37.7% (8447) | 49.9% (6814) | 46.3% (9851) | 42.8% (5992) | 38.4% (7045) | 49.6% (5780) | 41.1% (5530) | <0.001a |
| eGFR <60 mL/min per 1.73 m2 | 3.3% (4704) | 3.4% (1006) | 4.1% (907) | 2.2% (296) | 3.6% (764) | 2.6% (362) | 3.8% (698) | 2.3% (273) | 3.0% (397) | <0.001a |
| Charlson's Index | 1.09±0.37 (144 271) | 1.08±0.35 (29 507) | 1.09±0.38 (22 382) | 1.07±0.33 (13 656) | 1.08±0.36 (21 270) | 1.09±0.40 (13 999) | 1.10±0.41 (18 337) | 1.08±0.37 (11 659) | 1.10±0.42 (13 461) | <0.001a |
| Treatment modalities, % (n) | ||||||||||
| Use of insulin | 1.3% (1872) | 2.0% (587) | 0.5% (105) | 1.6% (221) | 2.3% (482) | 0.4% (56) | 0.7% (129) | 1.8% (207) | 0.6% (85) | <0.001a |
| Use of metformin | 71.1% (102 513) | 76.3% (22 521) | 57.1% (12 778) | 75.9% (10 366) | 83.3% (17 711) | 56.8% (7947) | 67.8% (12 440) | 82.0% (9563) | 68.2% (9187) | <0.001a |
| Use of sulfonylurea | 53.1% (76 548) | 64.3% (18 968) | 37.7% (8435) | 61.1% (8344) | 70.3% (14 945) | 33.5% (4683) | 43.4% (7967) | 67.1% (7828) | 40.0% (5378) | <0.001a |
| Use of other oral diabetic drugs | 1.6% (2357) | 2.4% (714) | 0.5% (123) | 2.0% (274) | 3.0% (639) | 0.5% (68) | 0.8% (152) | 2.4% (279) | 0.8% (108) | <0.001a |
| Use of ACEI/ARB | 31.8% (45 860) | 35.5% (10 476) | 33.5% (7487) | 21.5% (2931) | 39.7% (8445) | 22.7% (3175) | 36.5% (6701) | 26.0% (3030) | 26.9% (3615) | <0.001a |
| Use of β‐Blocker | 25.7% (37 056) | 25.0% (7385) | 31.2% (6982) | 16.3% (2226) | 27.8% (5906) | 22.4% (3138) | 32.1% (5889) | 18.5% (2159) | 25.0% (3371) | <0.001a |
| Use of CCB | 38.6% (55 645) | 37.6% (11 105) | 46.1% (10 325) | 23.8% (3256) | 39.7% (8438) | 36.9% (5167) | 48.1% (8820) | 27.2% (3172) | 39.8% (5362) | <0.001a |
| Use of diuretic | 9.8% (14 094) | 10.6% (3125) | 11.7% (2623) | 6.4% (871) | 10.8% (2304) | 8.4% (1172) | 11.3% (2073) | 7.3% (850) | 8.0% (1076) | <0.001a |
| Use of other antihypertensive drugs | 8.5% (12 259) | 7.7% (2258) | 10.7% (2389) | 4.7% (643) | 8.9% (1896) | 7.3% (1018) | 11.6% (2127) | 5.9% (688) | 9.2% (1240) | <0.001a |
| Use of statin | 9.7% (14 024) | 6.1% (1810) | 7.2% (1610) | 6.3% (861) | 12.2% (2591) | 7.2% (1012) | 14.4% (2632) | 12.7% (1477) | 15.1% (2031) | <0.001a |
ACEI indicates angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor; ACR, albumin–creatinine ratio; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; CCB, calcium channel blocker; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; Group 1, no targets achieved; Group 2, only HbA1c target achieved; Group 3, only BP target achieved; Group 4, only LDL‐C target achieved; Group 5, only HbA1c and BP targets achieved; Group 6, only HbA1c and LDL‐C targets achieved; Group 7, only BP and LDL‐C targets achieved; Group 8, all targets achieved; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HDL‐C, high‐density lipoprotein–cholesterol; LDL‐C, low‐density lipoprotein–cholesterol; SBP, systolic blood pressure; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; TC, total cholesterol.
a
Significant at 0.05 level by univariate linear or logistic regression, as appropriate.