Abstract
Objective
To investigate the frequency of metabolic syndrome and its components in subjects with β-thalassaemia minor.
Subjects and Methods
A total of 194 subjects, i.e. 92 subjects with β-thalassaemia minor (study group) and 102 subjects without β-thalassaemia minor (control group), were enrolled into this case-control study. Haemoglobin electrophoresis was performed on all patients. The waist circumference and systolic and diastolic blood pressure of the subjects were recorded. Fasting blood glucose and serum lipid levels were measured.
Results
Both groups were similar in terms of age and sex (p > 0.05 for each). The percentages of haemoglobin A2 (4.3 ± 0.4 vs. 2.0 ± 0.3) and haemoglobin F (3.38 ± 1.4 vs. 0.26 ± 0.4) and the mean corpuscular volumes (64 ± 4.7 vs. 81.5 ± 9.3) of the groups were statistically different (p < 0.001 for each). The frequency of metabolic syndrome and its components was similar in both groups (p > 0.05 for each). According to correlation analyses, the percentage of haemoglobin A2 correlated with fasting insulin, fasting glucose, systolic blood pressure, high-density lipoprotein, and low-density lipoprotein levels (p < 0.05).
Conclusions
No association was found between β-thalassaemia minor and metabolic syndrome despite insulin resistance, which was shown in subjects with β-thalassaemia minor.
Key Words: β-Thalassaemia minor, Metabolic syndrome, Metabolic syndrome components, Insulin resistance
Introduction
Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a common chronic metabolic diseases complex that affects several people worldwide [1,2]. It is a cluster of metabolic abnormalities that includes abdominal obesity, hypertriglyceridaemia, low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, hypertension, and hyperglycaemia. MS and its components are major risk factors for the development of cardiovascular diseases [2,3]. Insulin resistance, physical inactivity, and hormonal imbalance are common underlying risk factors for MS [1,2,3,4].
Thalassaemias are hereditary diseases caused by a defect in α- or β-globin synthesis. β-Thalassaemia is due to an impaired production of β-globin chains. β-Thalassaemia minor (βTM) is the term applied to heterozygotes who have inherited a single gene leading to a reduced β-globin production. As a common and mostly symptomless disease, βTM is most prevalent in Mediterranean countries such as Turkey. Although βTM is usually discovered when a blood count is obtained for other reasons, it has been reported to be associated with certain diseases such as diabetes mellitus and depression [5,6,7,8,9].
Insulin resistance has been reported to be strongly associated with MS and it has also been shown in subjects with βTM [2,7,8]. Subjects with βTM and MS may have an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases due to insulin resistance. In this study, we aimed to investigate the frequency of MS and its components in subjects with βTM. We also investigated the association between βTM and MS.
Subjects and Methods
This case-control study was carried out at the Internal Medicine Outpatient Clinic of Adana Numune Training and Research Hospital from August 15, 2012, to May 15, 2013. This institute is one of the largest tertiary hospitals in the south of Turkey. The Institutional Review Board approved this study, and informed consent was obtained from all subjects. All procedures were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the responsible committee for human experimentation and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2008.
A total of 194 subjects were enrolled into this study. The study group was comprised of 92 subjects with βTM, and the control group included 102 subjects without βTM. All subjects (including patients and controls) were from the same population of Adana, in the south of Turkey, and were chosen from among individuals who were admitted to the Internal Medicine Outpatient Clinics of the institute. Although the subjects in the control group had no known health complaints, they were admitted for check-ups only. Both the study group and the control group were age and sex matched. Finally, 69 of the 92 patients in the study group were women and 23 were men. In the control group, 87 patients were women and 15 were men. Patients with a history of acute or chronic disease other than MS or its components, malignancy, and mental disorders were excluded.
Blood analyses were performed and the waist circumference and blood pressure were measured. A venous blood sample was collected in the morning after overnight fasting. A complete blood count and peripheral blood samples were evaluated in all subjects. Haemoglobin electrophoreses [Primus Ultra2 (USA) with high-performance liquid chromatography] of all subjects were analysed. Complete blood counts were measured with the Sysmex XE 2100i (Japan) by fluorescence flow cytometry. Fasting glucose, triglyceride, and HDL levels were analysed with a Roche C-501 (Tokyo, Japan) using the hexokinase method (glucose) and a homogeneous colourimetric enzyme test (triglycerides and HDL). Insulin levels were measured using the Abbott Architect i2000SR analyser system (USA). Ferritin, vitamin B12, and folate levels were measured with the Roche C-601 analyser system (Japan) using an electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. The waist circumference was measured on the plane between the anterior superior iliac spines and between the lower costal margins at the narrowest part of the waistline. Blood pressure was measured using a mercury sphygmomanometer, and 3 separate readings at 5-min intervals were taken.
A diagnosis of βTM was made based on haemoglobin A2 levels (HbA2) ≥3.5s%, mean corpuscular volumes <80 fl, and haemoglobin F levels between 2 and 10s%. MS was defined according to National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP III) guidelines [10].
The components of MS included: waist circumference >102 cm in men or >88 cm in women, triglycerides ≥150 mg/dl, HDL <40 mg/dl in men or <50 mg/dl in women, blood pressure ≥130/85 mm Hg, and fasting glucose ≥110 mg/dl. MS was defined as having at least 3 of the 5 components [10].
Statistical Analysis
MedCalc 12.7 software (MedCalc, Turkey) was used. Categorical measurements were reported as numbers and percentages. Quantitative measurements were reported as means ± SD. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to show the normal distribution of quantitative measurements. The χ2 test was used to compare categorical measures and the frequency of MS and its components between the groups. A t test or Mann-Whitney U tests were used to compare quantitative measurements between the two groups. A correlation coefficient was used to analyse the degree of association between two variables [Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) with a p value and a 95s% CI for r). A log transformation was used for variables that were not normally distributed. A multiple linear regression test (backward method) was used to analyse the relationship between a dependent variable (HbA2) and one or more independent variables (predictor variables or explanatory variables). p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
The mean age of the study and control groups was 42.2 ± 13.1 and 38.8 ± 12.2 years, respectively. The characteristics of the groups are shown in table 1. The mean HbA2 and haemoglobin F percentages were 4.3 ± 0.4 and 3.38 ± 1.4 in subjects with βTM, while the corresponding percentages were 2.0 ± 0.3 and 0.26 ± 0.4 in the control subjects. The differences were statistically significant (p < 0.001 for each). The mean corpuscular volume in the study group with βTM was 64 ± 4.7 fl, while it was 81.5 ± 9.3 fl in the control subjects; the difference was statistically significant (p < 0.001). The haemoglobin and haematocrit levels were low (p < 0.001) and the RBC count was high (p < 0.001) in subjects with BTM. There were no statistically significant differences between the platelet, white blood cell, ferritin, vitamin B12, and folate levels of the groups (p > 0.05 for each; table 1).
Table 1.
Comparison of the two groups according to biochemical parameters and demographical properties
| Study group (n = 92) | Control group (n = 102) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 42.2 ± 13.1 | 38.8 ± 12.2 | 0.602 |
| Females, n (s%) | 69 (75) | 87 (85.3) | 0.104 |
| BMI | 25.1 ± 3.7 | 24.6 ± 3.5 | 0,364 |
| RBC, ×1012/l | 5.65 ± 0.66 | 4.79 ± 0.55 | <0.001 |
| Haemoglobin, g/dl | 11.4 ± 1.4 | 12.6 ± 1.8 | <0.001 |
| Haematocrit, s% | 36.1 ± 4.0 | 38.9 ± 4.3 | <0.001 |
| White blood cells, ×109/l | 7.2 ± 2.0 | 7.5 ± 1.8 | 0.316 |
| Platelets, ×103/μl | 289.4 ± 81.8 | 295.5 ± 82.2 | 0.606 |
| HbA2, s% | 4.3 ± 0.4 | 2.0 ± 0.3 | <0.001 |
| Haemoglobin F, s% | 3.38 ± 1.4 | 0.26 ± 0.4 | <0.001 |
| Corpuscular volume, fl | 64 ± 4.7 | 81.5 ± 9.3 | <0.001 |
| Vitamin B12, pg/ml | 308 ± 105 | 316 ± 111 | 0.664 |
| Folate, ng/ml | 9.1 ± 3.1 | 8.6 ± 3.1 | 0.213 |
| Ferritin, ng/ml | 52.5 ± 56.7 | 48.8 ± 33.2 | 0.563 |
Quantitative measurements are presented as means ± SD.
The waist circumference and diastolic blood pressure of the groups were comparable (p = 0.601 and p = 0.274, respectively). The fasting glucose, fasting insulin, HDL, and triglyceride levels were higher in the study group (p = 0.012, p = 0.027, p = 0.023, and p = 0.035, respectively). The systolic blood pressure and serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels were lower in the study group (p = 0.041 and p = 0.046, respectively; table 2).
Table 2.
Metabolic parameters, blood pressure, and waist circumference of the groups
| Study group (n = 92) | Control group (n = 102) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Waist circumference, cm | 95.8 ± 15.8 | 94.6 ± 15.2 | 0.601 |
| Fasting glucose, mg/dl | 103.3 ± 32.9 | 99.6 ± 34.9 | 0.012 |
| Fasting insulin, μU/ml | 14.2 ± 8.5 | 13.6 ± 11.6 | 0.027 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 117.1 ± 14.9 | 121.3 ± 14.4 | 0.041 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 76.7 ± 8.8 | 75.1 ± 8.9 | 0.274 |
| HDL, mg/dl | 49.0 ± 11.8 | 44.0 ± 9.3 | 0.023 |
| LDL, mg/dl | 99.6 ± 29.3 | 108.3 ± 30.8 | 0.046 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dl | 147.9 ± 60.4 | 137.5 ± 64.7 | 0.035 |
Quantitative measurements are presented as means ± SD.
The frequencies of abdominal obesity, hyperglycaemia, hypertension, low HDL, and high triglycerides in the study group were 47.8, 8.6, 8.6, 54.3, and 27.1s%, respectively, while the corresponding percentages in the control group were 38.2, 14.7, 8.8, 50, and 30.3s%. The differences were not statistically significant (p = 0.228, p = 0.274, p = 0.837, p = 0.207, and p = 0.739, respectively). The frequencies of MS were comparable between the study and control groups (p = 0.662; table 3).
Table 3.
Frequency of the MS and its components in the study and control groups
| Study group (n = 92) | Control group (n = 102) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abdominal obesity (waist circumference >102 cm in men or >88 cm in women) | 44 (47.8) | 39 (38.2) | 0.228 |
| Hyperglycaemia (fasting glucose >110 mg/dl) | 8 (8.6) | 15 (14.7) | 0.274 |
| Hypertension (blood pressure >130/85 mm Hg) | 8 (8.6) | 9 (8.8) | 0.837 |
| Low HDL (<40 mg/dl in men or <50 mg/dl in women) | 54 (58.6) | 57 (55.8) | 0.804 |
| High triglycerides (>150 mg/dl) | 25 (27.1) | 31 (30.3) | 0.739 |
| MS | 26 (28.3) | 25 (24.7) | 0.662 |
Values are presented as numbers (s%).
The frequency of MS, hyperglycaemia, and high triglycerides was high in females, while the frequency of abdominal obesity, low HDL, and hypertension was high in the males in the study group. However, these results did not reach statistical significance (p > 0.05 for each; table 4).
Table 4.
Frequency of the MS and its components in the study group according to gender
| Females (n = 69) | Males (n = 23) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abdominal obesity (waist | |||
| xcircumference >102 cm in men or >88 cm in women) | 31 (44.9) | 13 (56.5) | 0.469 |
| Hyperglycaemia (fasting glucose >110 mg/dl) | 7 (10.1) | 1 (4.3) | 0.668 |
| Hypertension (blood pressure 130/85 mm Hg) | 5 (7.2) | 3 (13.0) | 0.407 |
| Low HDL (<40 mg/dl in men or <50 mg/dl in women) | 39 (56.5) | 15 (65.2) | 0.624 |
| High triglycerides (>150 mg/dl) | 20 (28.9) | 5 (21.7) | 0.687 |
| MS | 21 (30.4) | 5 (21.7) | 0.592 |
Values are presented as numbers (s%).
Fasting glucose, fasting insulin, and HDL levels positively correlated with the HbA2 percentage (p = 0.020, r = 0.240; p = 0.016, r = 0.248, and p = 0.006, r = 0.280, respectively). The correlation between HbA2 and insulin is shown in figure 1. Systolic blood pressure and LDL were inversely correlated with the HbA2 percentage (p = 0.035, r = −0.219, and p = 0.048, r = −0.206, respectively). Waist circumference and diastolic blood pressure did not correlate with HbA2 (p > 0.05 for each; table 5).
Fig. 1.
Scatter diagram of the correlation between HbA2 and insulin.
Table 5.
Correlation of HbA2 with metabolic parameters, blood pressure, and waist circumference in subjects with βTM
| HbA2 |
|||
|---|---|---|---|
| r | p | ||
| Fasting insulin | 0.248 | 0.016 | |
| Fasting glucose | 0.240 | 0.020 | |
| Waist circumference | −0.145 | 0.166 | |
| Systolic blood pressure | −0.219 | 0.035 | |
| Diastolic blood pressure | −0.08 | 0.401 | |
| Triglycerides | −0.061 | 0.559 | |
| HDL | 0.280 | 0.006 | |
| LDL | −0.206 | 0.048 | |
A log transformation was used for fasting insulin, fasting glucose, HbA2, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and triglycerides.
Multiple regression analyses (backward method) performed with HbA2 as a dependent variable showed that a significant correlation persisted between HbA2 and fasting insulin (p = 0.0002), between HbA2 and systolic blood pressure (p = 0.015), and between HbA2 and HDL (p = 0.0004; table 6).
Table 6.
Multiple linear regression analysis (backward method) with HbA2 as the dependent variable and age, gender, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, HDL, triglycerides, BMI, and waist circumference as independent variables
| Independent variables | Coef. | SE | rpartial | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Constant | 4.2736 | |||
| Fasting insulin | 0.01739 | 0.004511 | 0.3800 | 0.0002 |
| Systolic blood pressure | −0.006259 | 0.002539 | −0.2541 | 0.0157 |
| HDL | 0.01204 | 0.003254 | 0.3668 | 0.0004 |
Coef. = Coefficient; SE = standard error.
Discussion
This study showed that the frequency of MS was comparable in subjects with or without βTM. Fasting insulin and glucose levels, which are strongly associated with MS, were high in subjects with βTM in our study. Furthermore, fasting insulin and glucose levels were positively correlated with the percentage of HbA2.
Our finding that insulin resistance plays an important role in the development of MS in subjects with βTM confirmed reports in previous studies [7,8]. Bahar et al. [7] reported that the development of diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance in subjects with βTM was more frequent than in the general population due to liver inflammation and increased oxidative stress secondary to microcytic erythrocytes haemolysis [7], while Tong et al. [8] showed high fasting insulin levels and insulin resistance in βTM subjects with normal glucose tolerance.
Although hypertension is known to be associated with diabetes and obesity, which are strongly related to insulin resistance [11], in this study, the systolic blood pressure of the subjects with βTM was low despite high insulin levels. A probable explanation could be the haemodynamic variations seen in anaemia, such as arterial dilatation and a decreased blood viscosity. Arterial dilatation leads to a decrease in vascular resistance and a decreased blood viscosity that could improve the circulation, as reported previously. [12,13,14]. Further reinforcing this link, in a study by Vyssoulis et al. [15], hypertensive patients with βTM presented a better 24-hour blood pressure profile compared to patients without βTM.
The high plasma concentrations of triglycerides and HDL and the low LDL concentrations in this study have previously been reported in patients with βTM [16]. The hypocholesterolaemia in βTM could be due to accelerated erythropoiesis and an increased LDL uptake by macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system [16,17]. Furthermore, the high triglyceride levels in the subjects with βTM in our study could be dependent on insulin resistance and high glucose levels as reported by Hashemieh et al. [17]. Further reinforcing this link, high triglyceride levels in patients with diabetes mellitus were reported by Keşkek et al. [18].
Carriers of thalassaemia minor are usually clinically asymptomatic but sometimes have a mild anaemia. They are associated with microcytic anaemia with an associated increase in RBC number and a minimal decrement in the haemoglobin concentration [19,20]. The subjects with βTM in this study apparently had such a link.
The limitations of this study were: first, the lack of genetic analyses both for MS and for βTM, and second, that free cell haemoglobin, LDH, and high-sensitivity CRP were not measured to show any association with liver inflammation and haemolysis.
Conclusion
βTM was not associated with MS despite insulin resistance, which was well demonstrated in subjects with βTM. A low systolic blood pressure due to haemodynamic variations such as arterial dilatation and a decreased blood viscosity and an abnormal lipid profile might be the factors that prevent the development of MS in subjects with βTM.
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