Table 3.
Details of total cost per annum in USD for management of diabetes in Vietnam (2016, USD)
| Patients’ characteristics | Direct cost
|
Indirect cost | Total cost | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Direct medical cost | Direct nonmedical cost | ||||
|
| |||||
| Arithmetic mean (bootstrap 95% CI) | Median | Arithmetic mean (bootstrap 95% CI) | |||
| Age groups (years) | |||||
| ≤39 | 67.9 (19.4, 162.6) | 36.1 (21.7, 54.6) | 103.7 (71.4, 155.9) | 136.4 | 207.7 (130.1, 354.9) |
| 40–49 | 57.1 (31.9, 115.2) | 34.1 (25.0, 47.3) | 81.1 (66.8, 98.7) | 145.7 | 172.3 (139.4, 216.9) |
| 50–59 | 97.0 (66.3, 147.4) | 33.5 (25.9, 43.2) | 89.2 (77.6, 103.8) | 172.2 | 219.7 (189.6, 262.3) |
| 60–69 | 180.1 (145.7, 228.2) | 33.0 (26.9, 40.7) | 84.6 (73.7, 100.7) | 216.5 | 297.7 (257.6, 350.7) |
| 70–79 | 149.4 (109.4, 194.7) | 37.1 (29.5, 47.3) | 79.9 (69.2, 92.6) | 233.8 | 266.4 (227.6, 314.2) |
| ≥80 | 97.0 (76.2, 127.8) | 34.7 (26.8, 44.6) | 81.9 (69.5, 100.2) | 172.8 | 213.6 (182.1, 254.5) |
| Gender | |||||
| Male | 94.5 (73.6, 128.2) | 29.5 (24.4, 35.9) | 89.5 (80.3, 101.5) | 162.3 | 213.5 (188.2, 246.7) |
| Female | 143.8 (123.1, 167.9) | 36.8 (32.3, 41.9) | 81.9 (75.0, 90.6) | 189.8 | 262.5 (238.6, 290.9) |
| Duration of diabetes in years | |||||
| 1–5 | 112.0 (57.6, 168.1) | 35.7 (17.7, 63.2) | 87.0 (56.8, 132.9) | 218.9 | 234.7 (166.7, 303.8) |
| 6–10 | 125.7 (100.3, 160.2) | 32.5 (27.3, 38.6) | 85.2 (75.8, 97.8) | 176.4 | 243.4 (214.9, 281.0) |
| 11–15 | 128.7 (103.7, 160.1) | 36.1 (29.5, 44.3) | 80.5 (71.4, 91.1) | 194.9 | 245.3 (215.7, 280.1) |
| 16–20 | 115.2 (71.5, 207.6) | 35.2 (24.3, 49.7) | 84.5 (69.4, 104.0) | 176.5 | 234.9 (187.0, 307.4) |
| ≥21 | 174.4 (64.3, 300.9) | 35.9 (13.3, 91.0) | 113.9 (58.9, 268.7) | 204.3 | 324.2 (154.4, 535.1) |
| Glycemic control (mg/dL) | |||||
| 70–130 | 90.3 (68.8, 117.9) | 36.1 (30.4, 42.6) | 80.6 (73.1, 90.0) | 151.1 | 207.0 (182.6, 241.4) |
| 131–179 | 141.7 (118.7, 174.6) | 35.0 (29.6, 41.2) | 81.1 (72.2, 93.1) | 204.8 | 257.8 (232.1, 289.9) |
| ≥180 | 171.8 (129.4, 262.8) | 29.3 (22.8, 38.6) | 100.3 (86.6, 115.3) | 242.5 | 301.4 (255.0, 370.1) |
| BMI | |||||
| <18.5 | 91.1 (64.4, 147.0) | 29.3 (20.1, 43.1) | 87.8 (69.9, 115.7) | 170.7 | 208.2 (175.9, 261.7) |
| 18.5–22.9 | 144.1 (111.0, 198.6) | 39.3 (32.4, 47.2) | 82.8 (72.7, 96.1) | 204.4 | 266.2 (231.0, 314.8) |
| 23–26.9 | 124.7 (100.1, 158.1) | 33.7 (27.9, 40.6) | 85.3 (76.0, 97.8) | 168.2 | 243.7 (211.5, 284.5) |
| ≥27 | 132.6 (100.9, 176.4) | 32.6 (26.0, 40.5) | 82.9 (72.8, 95.6) | 191.8 | 248.1 (215.9, 290.4) |
| Treatment type | |||||
| OAD | 117.4 (102.1, 135.7) | 34.4 (30.8, 38.2) | 84.4 (78.8, 91.3) | 187.0 | 236.2 (227.9, 268.0) |
| Insulin and OAD | 548.3 (354.3, 845.0) | 42.7 (20.7, 88.3) | 90.8 (55.5, 149.9) | 557.9 | 681.8 (484.2, 954.2) |
| Education | |||||
| Low | 123.1 (88.9, 189.1) | 33.3 (25.9, 43.3) | 80.5 (70.1, 95.4) | 186.5 | 236.9 (201.4, 292.7) |
| Middle | 137.0 (115.4, 165.1) | 35.2 (30.7, 40.3) | 87.2 (79.8, 96.0) | 198.4 | 259.4 (234.9, 287.4) |
| High | 100.3 (76.1, 130.3) | 32.9 (25.8, 42.3) | 79.8 (68.6, 100.3) | 150.2 | 213.0 (180.0, 254.6) |
| Complications | |||||
| Microvascular | 143.1 (107.5, 204.6) | 36.0 (29.2, 44.1) | 81.3 (71.3, 92.8) | 209.3 | 260.4 (220.9, 322.7) |
| Macrovascular | 81.8 (50.9, 131.1) | 35.4 (23.6, 52.9) | 80.3 (67.1, 95.1) | 166.6 | 197.5 (156.0, 246.1) |
| Microvascular and macrovascular | 227.8 (199.1, 262.8) | 34.8 (29.0, 42.0) | 86.8 (76.3, 100.3) | 319.7 | 349.4 (317.0, 389.7) |
| ICD-10 | |||||
| (E66) Obesity | 132.6 (103.7, 175.1) | 32.6 (26.1, 41.0) | 82.9 (73.4, 96.2) | 191.8 | 248.1 (215.4, 290.6) |
| (E78) Disorders of lipoprotein metabolism | 157.8 (138.0, 182.6) | 33.7 (29.9, 38.2) | 85.2 (78.2, 93.5) | 216.5 | 276.7 (254.4, 302.6) |
| (H81) Disorders of vestibular function | 214.0 (185.0, 251.0) | 33.8 (28.7, 39.7) | 85.0 (76.1, 97.2) | 275.6 | 332.8 (299.6, 371.8) |
| (I10) Hypertension | 153.6 (133.6, 178.9) | 35.4 (31.2, 40.0) | 82.8 (76.5, 90.2) | 213.0 | 271.8 (250.4, 298.0) |
| (J31–J32) Chronic diseases of upper respiratory system | 231.2 (194.9, 276.6) | 32.6 (26.8, 39.8) | 84.6 (73.9, 99.2) | 293.4 | 348.4 (308.9, 396.3) |
| (J45) Asthma | 198.5 (167.4, 238.6) | 31.0 (25.7, 37.3) | 90.8 (80.2, 103.9) | 281.9 | 320.3 (284.8, 362.5) |
| (K29) Gastritis/duodenitis | 187.1 (160.4, 220.1) | 31.5 (26.9, 36.7) | 87.0 (77.8, 98.0) | 256.3 | 305.6 (276.2, 341.1) |
| (K70–K77) Diseases of liver | 208.8 (179.3, 245.8) | 35.9 (30.3, 42.8) | 91.0 (80.5, 105.4) | 289.6 | 335.7 (302.9, 375.6) |
| (M47) Spondylosis | 240.2 (199.1, 292.5) | 35.4 (29.3, 42.8) | 80.9 (71.2, 94.6) | 298.2 | 356.5 (311.9, 411.5) |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; OAD, oral antidiabetics.