Table 4.

Mean cost statistically significantly difference between groups in Vietnam (2016, USD)

Patients’ characteristics		Mean difference between 2 groups	95% CI
Age groups (years)
40–49	60–69 70–79	−125.4 −94.1	(−211.7, −24.1) (−165.9, −19.8)
50–59	60–69	−78.0	(−142.9, −15.3)
60–69	≥80	84.1	(29.3, 136.7)
Gender
Male	Female	−48.9	(−95.0, −3.1)
Duration of diabetes in years
6–10	≥21	−81.0	(−135.3, −24.2)
11–15	≥21	−78.9	(−140.3, −23.3)
Glycemic control (mg/dL)
70–130	131–179 ≥180	−50.8 −94.4	(−88.3, −8.2) (−137.0, −44.2)
Treatment type
Insulin and OAD	OAD	445.9	(181.2, 690.6)
Education
Middle	High	46.4	(12.3, 79.2)
Complications
Microvascular	Macrovascular Microvascular and macrovascular	62.9 −89.0	(4.8, 117.0) (−155.8, −19.0)
Macrovascular	Microvascular and macrovascular	−151.9	(−230.2, −64.3)
(ICD-10) Comorbidities
(E66) Obesity	(H81) Disorders of vestibular function (J31–J31) Chronic diseases of upper respiratory system (J45) Asthma (K29) Gastritis/duodenitis (K70–K77) Diseases of liver (M47) Spondylosis	−84.7 −100.3 −72.3 −57.5 −87.6 −108.5	(−142.7, −29.1) (−156.0, −41.4) (−125.7, −17.4) (−113.6, −1.9) (−147.4, −30.7) (−169.1, −44.1)
(E78) Disorders of lipoprotein metabolism	(H81) Disorders of vestibular function (J31–J31) Chronic diseases of upper respiratory system (J45) Asthma (K70–K77) Diseases of liver (M47) Spondylosis	−56.1 −71.8 −43.8 −59.1 −80.0	(−94.1, −19.3) (−107.0, −33.0) (−79.6, −10.0) (−94.8, −23.3) (−117.1, −41.2)
(I10) Hypertension	(J31–J31) Chronic diseases of upper respiratory system (J45) Asthma (K70–K77)Diseases of liver (M47) Spondylosis	−76.6 −48.6 −63.9 −84.8	(−110.9, −42.9) (−84.9, −15.5) (−98.3, −30.2) (−122.4, −43.7)

Abbreviation: OAD, oral antidiabetics.