Table 4.

Birth outcomes as predictors of clinically high levels^a of liver enzymes, Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study (n = 3571)

	Unadjusted		Adjusted for age, sex, smoking, alcohol use, social class, physical activity		Adjusted for previous + BMI
	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI
γ-glutamate transferase (GGT)
Small-for-gestational-age	1.24	(0.89, 1.74)	1.15	(0.82, 1.63)	1.23	(0.86, 1.75)
Large-for-gestational-age	1.29	(0.92, 1.80)	1.35	(0.96, 1.91)	1.28	(0.89, 1.85)
Preterm birth	1.22	(0.74, 2.03)	1.21	(0.72, 2.04)	1.17	(0.68, 2.01)
Alanine transaminase (ALT)
Small-for-gestational-age	0.82	(0.33, 2.06)	0.77	(0.30, 1.96)	0.83	(0.32, 2.11)
Large-for-gestational-age	1.45	(0.68, 3.08)	1.46	(0.70, 3.15)	1.37	(0.63, 2.98)
Preterm birth	1.71	(0.61, 4.78)	1.58	(0.55, 4.50)	1.50	(0.50, 4.45)
Aspartate transaminase (AST)
Small-for-gestational-age	0.82	(0.33, 2.06)	0.77	(0.30, 1.96)	0.83	(0.32, 2.11)
Large-for-gestational-age	1.45	(0.68, 3.08)	1.46	(0.70, 3.15)	1.37	(0.63, 2.98)
Preterm birth	1.71	(0.61, 4.78)	1.58	(0.55, 4.50)	1.50	(0.50, 4.45)
Fatty liver index (FLI)
Small-for-gestational-age	1.17	(0.89, 1.55)	1.13	(0.87, 1.47)	Measurement includes BMI
Large-for-gestational-age	1.06	(0.80, 1.41)	0.97	(0.74, 1.28)
Preterm birth	1.31	(0.88, 1.96)	1.36	(0.92, 2.02)

OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.

^aReference category for all models is all participants not categorized as ‘case’. Cut-offs for clinical concern: for men, GGT >68, ALT >59; for women, GGT >40, ALT >41;²⁷ for all, AST >34, FLI ≥60.¹¹