Table 2.
Mean Subject and Blood Characteristics by Group at 2-weeks and 4-months
| 2-weeks | 4-months | p-over time3 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic1 | NW (n=16) |
OW/Ob (n=22) |
p-value2 | NW (n=26) |
OW/Ob (n=22) |
p-value2 | |
| Age at Visit (weeks) | 2.2 ± 0.2 | 2.2 ± 0.3 | 0.31 | 18.5 ± 1.2 | 18.5 ± 1.4 | 0.93 | |
| Breastfeeding Exclusivity (%) | 97 ± 10 | 98 ± 6 | 0.87 | 92 ± 21 | 72 ± 45 | 0.08 | 0.003 |
| Maternal BMI (kg/m2) | 23.8 ± 2.5 | 32.3 ± 3.4 | <0.0001 | 22.6 ± 2.8 | 31.6 ± 4.4 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Maternal Weight Loss (lbs)4 | 17.8 ± 4.5 | 21.9 ± 8.0 | 0.04 | 25.5 ± 7.9 | 25.3 ±11.6 | 0.94 | <0.0001 |
| Maternal Weight Loss (% of gestational weight gain) | 57.9 ± 20.6 | 85.4 ± 54.6 | 0.04 | 80.7 ± 22.8 | 88.0 ±35.7 | 0.42 | 0.02 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 83.0 ± 39.7 | 81.8 ± 23.9 | 0.92 | 51.4 ± 16.7 | 75.3 ± 36.7 | 0.0100 | <0.0001 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 81.2 ± 6.8 | 82.9 ± 6.9 | 0.47 | 86.5 ± 10.2 | 87.9 ± 7.3 | 0.60 | <0.01 |
| Insulin (μIU/mL) | 7.4 ± 3.2 | 10.1 ± 3.5 | 0.035 | 8.7 ± 3.4 | 12.9 ± 5.2 | 0.0025 | 0.06 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.5 ± 0.7 | 2.1 ± 0.8 | 0.041 | 1.9 ± 1.0 | 2.8 ± 1.2 | 0.0074 | 0.03 |
| Hb-A1C (%) | 5.2 ± 0.2 | 5.3 ± 0.2 | 0.63 | 5.2 ± 0.2 | 5.2 ± 0.3 | 0.78 | 0.65 |
| Leptin (ng/mL) | 9.0 ± 10.5 | 16.3 ± 9.8 | 0.049 | 7.1 ± 7.3 | 15.5 ± 8.1 | 0.0006 | 0.33 |
| Adiponectin (μg/mL) | 8.4 ± 3.2 | 8.4 ± 4.4 | 0.99 | 10.3 ± 4.7 | 9.8 ± 4.8 | 0.748 | 0.14 |
| Ghrelin (pg/mL) | 1450 ± 547 | 1118 ± 310 | 0.038 | 1380 ± 521 | 1011 ± 300 | 0.0048 | <0.01 |
| 8OHdG (ng/mL) | 9.8 ± 2.6 | 10.3 ± 3.0 | 0.63 | 8.5 ± 2.0 | 8.6 ± 2.3 | 0.86 | <0.0001 |
| Oxidized LDL (U/L) | 61.6 ± 17.0 | 56.7 ± 18.9 | 0.43 | 44.3 ± 11.9 | 40.5 ± 10.6 | 0.27 | <0.0001 |
| IL-6 (ng/mL) | 9.4 ± 16.0 | 6.1 ± 4.0 | 0.43 | 8.8 ±15.7 | 10.6 ± 19.0 | 0.75 | 0.84 |
| IL-8 (ng/mL) | 5.8 ± 2.6 | 5.0 ± 1.9 | 0.37 | 4.6 ± 3.9 | 4.5 ± 3.7 | 0.97 | 0.49 |
| TNF-a (ng/mL) | 8.2 ± 4.0 | 7.8 ± 2.9 | 0.76 | 7.1 ± 4.0 | 6.4 ± 2.9 | 0.55 | 0.17 |
1
Data presented as mean ± SD
2
p-value for t-test comparison between NW vs OW/Ob groups at each time point, individually
3
p-value for paired t-test for change over time (2-weeks vs. 4-months) in the cohort as a whole.
4
Maternal weight loss (in lbs) from full-term weight to 2-weeks, and to 4-months, respectively.