Table 3.

Longitudinal HM Macronutrients, Endocrine, and Inflammatory and Oxidative Stress Biomarkers

Characteristic1	2-week (n=48)	1-month (n=34)	2-month (n=32)	3-month (n=30)	4-month (n=40)	p-value2
Calories (per 100mL)	65 ± 11	64 ± 15	66 ± 19	65 ± 14	68 ± 17	0.81
Fat (g/100mL)	3.5 ± 1.2	3.3 ± 1.6	3.5 ± 1.9	3.2 ± 1.6	3.5 ± 1.9	0.34
Lactose (g/100mL)	7.3 ± 1.0	7.4 ± 1.3	7.5 ± 1.7	8.1 ± 0.6	8.1 ± 0.7	<0.001
Protein (g/100mL)	1.2 ± 0.2	1.2 ± 0.2	1.1 ± 0.6	0.9 ± 0.1	0.8 ± 0.2	<0.001
Glucose (mg/dL)	20.7 ± 6.4	24.7 ± 6.9	25.2 ± 5.8	26.3 ± 5.9	26.2 ± 7.4	<0.001
Insulin (μIU/mL)3	15.8 ± 15.0d	37.5 ± 83.8b	16.9 ± 12.4	14.6 ± 9.6b	13.6 ± 8.8	<0.001
Leptin (pg/mL)	976 ± 1275c	1006 ± 1410b	1129 ± 2327d	557 ± 599c	475 ± 480a	<0.001
Adiponectin (ng/mL)3	22.0 ± 14.8	20.2 ± 11.3	20.4 ± 18.2	20.9 ± 27.6	15.0 ± 7.9	0.001
Ghrelin (pg/mL)	510 ± 4111		268 ± 348		251 ± 283	0.002
8OHdG (ng/mL)3	14.5 ± 7.3	13.3 ± 7.3	12.4 ± 6.1	9.9 ± 4.0	9.3 ± 3.1	<0.001
IL-6 (pg/mL)3	25.1 ± 51.3	15.7 ± 27.1	16.7 ± 32.4	6.7 ± 8.6	5.2 ± 8.6	<0.001
IL-8 (pg/mL)3	87 ± 142	104 ± 145	145 ± 229	108 ± 124	117 ± 201	<0.01
TNF-a (pg/mL)3	11.1 ± 14.6	10.5 ± 13.0	8.9 ± 7.0	8.3 ± 7.1	6.0 ± 4.9	0.023

¹Data presented as mean ± SD; sample size is denoted in parentheses

²p-value for change over time, controlling for potential differences between groups

³Log Transformation used for comparison over time and between groups; means presented are not transformed.

NW group lower than the OW/Ob group;

^ap < 0.0001;

^bp < 0.004;

^cp < 0.02;

^dp < 0.05.