Table 5.
Hazards of Developing a Stage 1–4, Deep Tissue Injury, or Unstageable Pressure Injury
| Braden Scale/Subscale Category | Hazard Rate Ratio (95% CI), p Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Total ICU Population | Age > 65 Years | Age ≤ 65 Years | |
| Total Braden Scale (ref = no risk, total score ≥19) | |||
| Mild risk (total score 15–18) | 2.6 (2.0, 3.4), p<0.001 | 2.2 (1.4, 3.4), p<0.001 | 2.8 (2.0, 4.1), p<0.001 |
| Moderate risk (total score 13–14) | 4.8 (3.6, 6.6), p<0.001 | 4.1 (2.5, 6.6), p<0.001 | 5.3 (3.6, 7.9), p<0.001 |
| High risk (total score 10–12) | 6.7 (4.8, 9.4), p<0.001 | 4.1 (2.2, 7.4), p<0.001 | 8.4 (5.6, 12.7), p<0.001 |
| Severe risk (total score ≤19) | 4.6 (1.7, 12.7), p = 0.003 | (Too few cases) | 2.8 (0.7, 11.7), p = 0.151 |
| Sensory Perception (ref = no impairment, score = 4) | |||
| Slightly limited (score = 3) | 1.7 (1.4, 2.1), p<0.001 | 1.5 (1.1, 2.1), p = 0.014 | 1.9 (1.5, 2.4), p<0.001 |
| Very limited (score – 2) | 1.7 (1.3, 2.3), p<0.001 | 1.0 (0.5, 1.7), p = 0.866 | 2.2 (1.6, 3.1), p<0.001 |
| Completely limited (score = 1) | 1.1 (0.7, 1.8), p = 0.736 | 1.1 (0.4, 2.6), p = 0.883 | 1.1 (0.6, 2.1), p = 0.656 |
| Moisture (ref = rarely moist, score = 4) | |||
| Occasionally moist (score = 3) | 5.0 (4.1, 6.0), p<0.001 | 4.5 (3.3, 6.2), p<0.001 | 5.3 (4.2, 6.6), p<0.001 |
| Often moist (score = 2) | 8.8 (5.7, 13.6), p<0.001 | 26.3 (12.8, 54.2), p<0.001 | 6.5 (3.7, 11.5), p<0.001 |
| Constantly moist (score = 1) | 4,2 (1.4, 13.2), p = 0.013 | 7.6 (1.1, 54.7), p = 0.043 | 3.8 (0.9, 15.2), p = 0.063 |
| Activity (ref = walks frequently, score = 4) | |||
| Walks occasionally (score = 3) | 4.6 (2.5, 8.3), p<0.001 | 7.9 (2.5, 25.3), p<0.001 | 3.3 (1.6, 6.7), p = 0.001 |
| Chairfast (score = 2) | 7.2 (4.0, 13.0), p<0.001 | 8.0 (2.5, 25.9), p = 0.001 | 6.9 (3.5, 13.8), p<0.001 |
| Bedfast (score = 1) | 4.5 (2.5, 8.0), p<0.001 | 5.6 (1.8, 17.6), p = 0.004 | 4.1 (2.1, 7.9), p<0.001 |
| Mobility (ref = no limitations, score = 4) | |||
| Slightly limited (score = 3) | 3.5 (2.5, 5.0), p<0.001 | 3.3 (1.9, 5.8), p<0.001 | 3.6 (2.3, 5.5), p<0.001 |
| Very limited (score = 2) | 5.7 (4.0, 8.0), p<0.001 | 4.7 (2.6, 8.4), p<0.001 | 6.1 (4.0, 9.5), p<0.001 |
| Completely immobile (score = 1) | 4.2 (2.6, 6.7), p<0.001 | 3.3 (1.4, 7.9), p = 0.007 | 4.7 (2.7, 8.2), p<0.001 |
|
| |||
| Nutrition (ref = excellent, score = 4) | |||
| Adequate (score = 3) | 3.1 (1.6, 5.8), p<0.001 | 1.9 (0.8, 4.3), p = 0.124 | 4.8 (1.8, 13.0), p = 0.002 |
| Probably inadequate (score = 2) | 3.4 (1.8, 6.5), p<0.001 | 2.1 (0.9, 5.0), p = 0.074 | 5.3 (2.0, 14.5), p < 0.001 |
| Very poor (score = 1) | 3.0 (1.1, 8.4), p = 0.031 | 1.9 (0.4, 9.6), p = 0.419 | 4.8 (1.2, 19.2), p = 0.027 |
| Friction and Shear (ref = no apparent problem, score = 3) | |||
| Potential problem (score = 2) | 4.7 (3.8, 5.7), p<0.001 | 4.1 (2.9, 5.7), p<0.001 | 4.9 (3.8, 6.3), p<0.001 |
| Problem (score = 1) | 27.6 (19.1, 39.7), p<0.001 | 22.5 (12.2, 41.5), p<0.001 | 30.3 (19.2, 47.6), p<0.001 |
Note. CI = confidence interval; ICU – intensive care unit; ref = reference.