Table 2.

Estimates of local adaptation from reciprocal cross‐infection studies. We reviewed studies of local adaptation and identified those where a reciprocal cross‐infection study was performed in the laboratory, allowing local adaptation to be calculated using Equation (1) and the resulting value compared directly to simulation results. In some cases, we selected fully reciprocal combinations from larger studies and thereby excluded populations that were not reciprocally exposed. Bold entries are those for which local adaptation is sufficiently large for our technique to be useful

Estimated magnitude (averaged across replicates)	Species	Reference
0.058	Microbotryum violaceum Silene latifolia	(Kaltz, Gandon, Michalakis, & Shykoff, 1999)
0.108	Melampsora amygdalina Salix triandra	(Niemi, Wennström, Hjältén, Waldmann, & Ericson, 2006)
0.110	Schistocephalus solidus Gasterosteus aculeatus	(Weber et al., 2017)
0.188	Microphallus sp. Potamopyrgus antipodarum	(Lively, 1989 )
0.252	Microphallus sp. Potamopyrgus antipodarum	(Lively & Dybdahl, 2000 )
0.236	Protopolystoma spp. Xenopus laevis	(Jackson & Tinsley, 2005 )
0.103	Plasmodium spp. Parus major	(Jenkins, Delhaye, & Christe, 2015)